Biology and Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
had one of the earliest theories that behavior, intellect, and personality might be linked to brain anatomy
A
Franz Gall
2
Q
idea that if a trait developed, then the part of the brain linked to it would expand; could measure this by feeling the skull
A
phrenology
3
Q
first to study functions of major sections of brain, used extirpation/ablation
A
Pierre Flourens
4
Q
method of removing part of the brain and observing behavioral consequences in an effort to understand function of that part of the brain
A
extirpation/ablation
5
Q
studied how the mind adapts to the environment, his ideas formed functionalism
A
William James
6
Q
his 1896 article was seen as the inception of functionalism
A
John Dewey
7
Q
contributed to physiology by examining behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
A
Paul Broca
8
Q
first to measure speed of nerve impulse, made psychology quantifiable (not philosophy)
A
Hermann Van Helmholts
9
Q
he inferred the existence of synapses
A
Sir Charles Cherrington
10
Q
two divisions of nervous system
A
central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)
11
Q
two divisions of central nervous system (CNS)
A
brain and spinal cord
12
Q
two divisions of peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
somatic and autonomic
13
Q
two divisions of autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
14
Q
nerve cells that transmit sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain
A
sensory neurons (afferent)
15
Q
nerve cells that transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
A
motor neurons (efferent)
16
Q
most numerous type of nerve cells, found between other neurons, located mainly in brain and spinal cord, linked to reflexive behavior
A
interneurons
17
Q
neural circuits that control the type of reflexive behavior as seen associated with interneurons
A
reflex arcs
18
Q
composed of brain and spinal cord
A
central nervous system (CNS)
19
Q
made of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
A
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
20
Q
31 pairs of nerves emanating from spinal cord
A
spinal nerves
21
Q
12 pairs of nerves emanating directly from the brain
A
cranial nerves
22
Q
part of peripheral nervous system (PNS), consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout skin, joints, and muscles
A
somatic nervous system
23
Q
part of peripheral nervous system (PNS), regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions and helps regulate body temperature; all functions are automatic
A
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
24
Q
part of autonomic nervous system (ANS), main role is to conserve energy; associated with resting and sleeping rates and managing digestion; acetylcholine is neurotransmitter responsible for responses of this system; functions include: constricts pupils, stimulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates peristalsis and secretion, stimulates bile release, contracts bladder
A
parasympathetic nervous system
25
part of autonomic nervous system (ANS), activated by stress; functions include: dilates pupils, inhibits salivation, relaxes bronchi, accelerates heartbeat, stimulates sweating of piloerection, inhibits peristalsis and secretion, stimulates glucose production and release, secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, inhibits bladder contraction, stimulates orgasm
sympathetic nervous system
26
thick, three-layered sheath of connective tissues that cover the brain
meninges
27
outer layer of meninges, connected directly to skull
dura mater
28
middle layer of meninges, fibrous weblike structure
arachnoid mater
29
inner layer of meninges, connected directly to brain
pia mater
30
aqueous solution that nourishes the brain and spinal cord and provides a protective cushion, resorbed by meninges, produced by cells lining the ventricles
cerebrospinal fluid
31
internal cavities of the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid; help keep brain buoyant and cushioned
ventricles
32
basic part of brain that developed later, includes the limbic system
forebrain
33
two basic parts of brain that developed earlier, makeup brainstem (the most primitive region of the brain)
midbrain and hindbrain
34
group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory
limbic system
35
outer covering of cerebral hemispheres, most recent evolutionary development of brain
cerebral cortex
36
basic part of brain, manages vital functioning necessary for survival, divides during embryonic development to form myelencephalon (becomes medulla oblongata) and metencephalon (becomes pons and cerebellum)
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
37
lower brain structure responsible for regulating vital functions (breathing, heart rate)
medulla oblongata
38
lies above medulla, contains sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla
pons
39
mushrooms out back of pons, helps maintain posture and balance and coordinate body movements
cerebellum
40
basic part of brain, receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body, has two prominent nuclei collectively called colliculi
midbrain (mesencephalon)
41
prominent nuclei of midbrain that receives visual sensory input
superior colliculus
42
prominent nuclei of midbrain that receives auditory sensory input
inferior colliculus
43
basic part of brain, associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes, emotion, and memory; associated with intellectual and emotional capacities; divides during prenatal development to form telencepahlon (forms the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system) and the diencephalon (forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland)
forebrain (prosencephalon)
44
the study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
neuropsychology
45
map created using electrical stimulation on cortex during brain operation
cortical map
46
tool to study electrical activity generated by larger regions of neurons by placing several electrodes on the scalp
electoencephalongram (EEG)
47
tool to detect broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to certain parts of the brain
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
48
tool that takes multiple X-rays at different angles to produce cross sectional images of tissue
CT (computed tomography) or CAT (computed axial tomography)
49
tool that uses radioactive sugar injected/absorbed into the body, dispersion and uptake throughout tissue is imaged
PET scan (positron emission tomograhpy)
50
tool that uses a magnetic field that interacts with hydrogen atoms and is used to map hydrogen dense regions of the body
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
51
tool that uses the same technique as MRI but specifically measures changes with blood flow (neural activity of the brain is associated with changes in blood flow)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
52
measurement that can be taken that is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, which is associated with anxiety
measure of electrical conductivity of the skin
53
serves as important relay station for incoming sensory information (except smell), sorts and transmits incoming sensory impulses to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex
thalamus
54
serves homeostatic functions, helps control some endocrine functions and autonomic nervous system, detects imbalances in homeostatic functions and signals body to react
hypothalamus
55
subdivision of hypothalamus, detects hunger and thirst to trigger eating and drinking
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
56
subdivision of hypothalamus nicknamed "satiety center", provides signals to stop eating
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
57
subdivision of hypothalamus, controls sexual behavior, also regulates sleep and body temperature
anterior hypothalamus (AH)
58
site of release for the hypothalamic hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) and oxytocin
posterior pituitary
59
key player in several biological rhythms, secretes hormone called melatonin (regulates circadian rhythms)
pineal gland
60
group of structures that coordinate muscle movement as they receive information from the cortex and relay it to the brain and spinal cord via the extrapyramidal motor system
basal ganglia
61
gathers information about body position from basal ganglia and carries it to the central nervous system (CNS)
extrapyramidal motor system
62
chronic illness associated with destruction of portions of the basal ganglia, characterized by jerky movements and uncontrolled resting tremors
Parkinson's disease
63
loop of interconnected structures looping around central portion of brain primarily associated with emotion and memory; includes septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex
limbic system
64
part of limbic system, they contain one of primary pleasure centers, association with addictive behavior
septal nuclei
65
part of limbic system, plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors
amygdala
66
part of limbic system, plays vital role in learning and memory processes
hippocampus
67
a long projection used by the hippocampus to communicate with other portions of the limbic system
fornix
68
memory loss characterized by not being able to establish new long-term memories, while memories from before a brain injury stay intact
anterograde amnesia
69
refers to memory loss of events that transpired before a brain injury
retrograde amnesia
70
part of limbic system, functions in higher order cognitive processes, including regulation of impulse control and decision making
anterior cingulate cortex
71
outer surface of the brain, most recent brain region to evolve; rather than a smooth surface it has numerous bumps and folds, this provides increased surface area; cerebrum is divided into two halves (right and left)
cerebral cortex (neocortex)
72
bumps on surface of cerebral cortex
gyri
73
folds on surface of cerebral cortex
sulci
74
lobe of cerebral cortex, divided into two basic regions of prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex and includes Broca's area
frontal lobe
75
subdivision of frontal lobe, manages executive function by supervising and directing operation of other brain regions; good example of association area
prefrontal cortex
76
area that integrates input from diverse regions of the brain
association area
77
subdivision of frontal lobe, functions to initiate voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord to muscles; located on precentral gyrus just in front of central sulcus; good example of projection area
primary motor cortex
78
divides frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
79
area that performs more rudimentary perceptual and motor tasks
projection area
80
area of frontal lobe, vital for speech production, usually only found in the "dominant hemisphere" (usually the left)
Broca's area
81
lobe of cerebral cortex, located rear of frontal lobe, central region associated with spacial reasoning and manipulation
parietal lobe
82
part of parietal lobe, involved in somatosensory information processing, located on postcentral gyrus just behind the central sulcus, closely related to primary motor cortex, they are often referred to as a single unit (the sensorimotor cortex)
somatosensory cortex
83
lobe of cerebral cortex, located at very rear of brain, includes visual cortex (striate cortex), associated primarily in sensation and perception of visual information
occipital lobe
84
lobe of cerebral cortex, associated with sound processing, memory processing, emotion, and language
temporal lobe
85
part of temporal lobe, primary site of sound processing, including speech, music, and other sound information
auditory cortex
86
area of temporal lobe, associated with language reception and comprehension
Wernicke's area
87
two halves cerebrum is divided into, a right and a left side, can communicate with the body in two ways, dominant and non-dominant side
cerebral hemispheres
88
form of communication of cerebral hemispheres, one side of brain communicates with opposite side of the body
contralaterally
89
form of communication of cerebral hemispheres, one side of brain communicates with same side of the body
ipsilaterally
90
side of cerebral hemispheres (usually left), analytic in function, good for managing details; language, logic, and math located here; Broca's area and Wernicke's area driven by this hemisphere
dominant hemisphere
91
side of cerebral hemispheres (usually right), associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, spacial processing, assembling holistic images from stimuli, analyzing emotional tones of language, recognition of faces
non-dominant hemisphere
92
structure that connects and shares information between the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus collosum
93
chemicals used by neurons to send signals to other neurons, more that 100 identified, 7 important ones
neurotransmitters
94
drug that mimics the action of some neurotransmitter
agonist
95
drug that blocks the action of some neurotransmitter
antagonist
96
neurotransmitter found in central and peripheral nervous systems, used to transmit nerve impulses to muscles in peripheral nervous system (PNS), linked to attention and arousal in central nervous system (CNS), used by efferent limb of somatic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system; can act as an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter in muscle cells, in central nervous system (CNS) largely functions as excitatory neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
97
three closely related neurotransmitters that play important roles in experience of emotions; include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine; classified as monoamines or biogenic amines by their similar structures
catecholamines
98
catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness, primary neurotransmitters of sympathetic nervous system; promote fight-or-flight responses
epinephrine/norepinephrine (adrenaline/noradrenaline)
99
catecholamine neurotransmitter that plays an important role in movement and posture, high concentrations are found in the basal ganglia
dopamine
100
mental illness that imbalances in dopamine transmission play a role in
schizophrenia
101
disease associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in basal ganglia
Parkinson's disease
102
neurotransmitter thought to play a role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming; also classified as a monoamine or biogenic amine by its structure
serotonin
103
neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and plays a role in stabilizing neural activity; exerts effects by causing hyper-polarization of postsynaptic membranes
GABA (𝛾-aminobutyric acid)
104
serves as inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system (CNS) by increasing chloride influx into neurons, hyper-polarizes synaptic membrane similar to GABA
glycine
105
acts as excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system (CNS)
glutamate
106
neurotransmitters whose synaptic actions involve a more complicated chain of events which leads to them being relatively slow and having longer lasting effects than the other neurotransmitters
neuromodulators (neuropeptides)
107
kind of neuromodulator (neuropeptide), natural pain killers produced in brain, have actions similar to morphine or other opioids in the body
endorphins
108
the other internal communication system in the body (in addition to the nervous system), uses chemical messengers called hormones, somewhat slower than nervous system because hormones travel through the blood stream
endocrine system
109
links endocrine and nervous systems, also regulates hormonal function of pituitary gland, control maintained by endocrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system
hypothalamus
110
directly connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
hypophyseal portal system
111
subdivision of structure located at base of brain, the "master" because it releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body
anterior pituitary gland
112
located on top of kidneys and divided into two parts, one releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of sympathetic nervous system, the other produces corticosteroids and contributes to sexual functioning by producing sex hormones
adrenal glands
113
one of adrenal glands, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
114
one of adrenal glands, produces corticosteroids including the stress hormone cortisol and contributes to sexual functioning by producing sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen
adrenal cortex
115
sex glands of the body (ovaries and testes), these produce sex hormones in higher concentrations leading to increased levels of estrogen in females and testosterone in males; they increase libido and contribute to mating behavior and sexual function
gonads
116
behavior genetically programmed as result of evolution and seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience
innate behavior
117
behavior not based on heredity, instead based on experience and environment
learned behavior
118
extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits species by influencing evolutionary fitness of species, thus leading to adaptation through natural selection
adaptive value
119
question of how much of an individual's behavior is based on genetic makeup and how much is based on environment and experience
nature vs nurture
120
the influence of inherited characteristics on behavior
nature
121
the influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior
nurture
122
studies that rely on fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically that unrelated; researchers may compare rates of trait among family members to rates of trait among unrelated individuals; limited in ability to distinguish environmental and genetic factors
family studies
123
studies that compare concordance rates between monozygotic (MZ, identical) and dizygotic (DZ, fraternal) twins; better able to distinguish relative effects of shared environment and genetic factors
twin studies
124
likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait in twin studies
concordance rates
125
studies that compare similarities between biological relatives and adopted child to similarities between adoptive relatives and adopted children
adoption studies
126
specific periods in development where children are particularly susceptible to environmental factors
critical periods
127
beginning of development of nervous system
neuralation
128
formed when ectoderm overlying notochords begins to furrow
neural groove
129
two of them surround the neural groove
neural folds
130
cells at the leading edge of the neural fold, will migrate throughout the body to form dipartate tissues
neural crest
131
formed by closing of remainder of furrow, ultimately forms central nervous system (CNS), has two parts
neural tube
132
part of neural tube, differentiates into sensory neurons
alar plate
133
part of neural tube, differentiates into motor neurons
basal plate
134
attachment of fetus to uterine wall and placenta
umbilical cord
135
transmits food, oxygen, and water to fetus while returning water and waste to mother
placenta
136
a behavior that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input
reflex
137
found in infants and disappear with age, such as rooting reflex
primitive reflex
138
primitive reflex when infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying; it has been speculated that this reflex may have developed during a time when our prehuman ancestors lived in trees and falling could have been prevented by instinctive clenching
Moro reflex
139
primitive reflex that causes toes to spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated
Babinski reflex
140
primitive reflex when infant closes fingers around an object placed in their hand
grasping reflex
141
incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motions (sitting, crawling, walking)
gross motor skills
142
involve smaller muscles of fingers, toes, and eyes; provides more specific and delicate movements
fine motor skills
143
fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals, develops at 7 months
stranger anxiety
144
fear of being separated from parental figure, develop at 12 months
separation anxiety
145
play style develops into this at two years, children play alongside each other without influencing each other's behavior
parallel play
146
abilities and behaviors expected to emerge at a certain time in a person's development
developmental milestones
147
order that development of gross motor skills tend to progress in
head-to-toe
148
order that social skills develop
from self-oriented to parent-oriented to other-oriented
