Social Stratification

Question 1

focuses on social inequalities and studies the basic questions of who gets what and why; is based on socioeconomic status

Answer 1

social stratification

Question 2

may depend on ascribed or achieved status, and causes the emergence of status hierarchies

Answer 2

socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 3

status:

is involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as age, gender, and skin color

Answer 3

ascribed status

Question 4

status:

is acquired through direct, individual efforts

Answer 4

achieved status

Question 5

is a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics; three main classes are upper, middle, and lower; these groups also have similar lifestyles, job opportunities, attitudes, and behaviors

Answer 5

social class

Question 6

is the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations

Answer 6

prestige

Question 7

is the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments; it often depends on the unequal distribution of valued resources; ____ differentials create social inequality

Answer 7

power

Question 8

a state of normlessness; ____ conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation

Answer 8

anomie (anomic)

Question 9

is the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; one of the most powerful forms is social networks, either situational or positional, which can be achieved through establishing strong and weak social ties

Answer 9

social capital

Question 10

refers to a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement

Answer 10

meritocracy

Question 11

allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving acquired credentials and experience; can either occur in a positive upward direction or a negative downward direction depending on whether one is promoted or demoted in status; can also occur horizontally when social identity changes but relative status stays the same

Answer 11

social mobility

Question 12

a socioeconomic condition; can be absolute or relative; in the US, the ____ line is determined by the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life

Answer 12

poverty

Question 13

poverty:
is when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food, clothing, and water

Answer 13

absolute poverty

Question 14

poverty:

is when one is poor in comparison to a larger population

Answer 14

relative poverty

Question 15

refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next

Answer 15

social reproduction

Question 16

is a sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated form society

Answer 16

social exclusion

Question 17

is a form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines

Answer 17

spatial inequality

Question 18

spatial inequality:
refers to an uneven distribution of environmental hazards in communities; lower income neighborhoods may lack the social and political power to prevent the placement of environmental hazards in their neighborhoods

Answer 18

environmental injustice

Question 19

has led to further inequalities in space, food and water, energy, housing, and education as the production of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets; this has led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations

Answer 19

globalization

Question 20

is calculated as the number of new cases developed of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time: for example, new cases per 1000 at-risk people per year

Answer 20

incidence

Question 21

is calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time: for example, cases per 1000 people per year

Answer 21

prevalence

Question 22

is the burden or degree of illness associated with a give disease

Answer 22

morbidity

Question 23

refers to deaths caused by a given disease

Answer 23

mortality

Question 24

refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

Answer 24

second sickness

Question 25

is associated with worse health outcomes, including decreased life expectancy, higher rates of life-threatening diseases, higher rates of suicide and homicide, and higher infant mortality rates

Answer 25

poverty

Question 26

racial or ethnic minority with worst health profiles on average

Answer 26

African Americans

Question 27

gender with best health profiles

Answer 27

females

Question 28

efforts to improve healthcare for underserved populations

Answer 28

Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Medicare and Medicaid programs

Question 29

is characterized by the belief that people with authority or high status have better information and more right to make decisions than other people

Answer 29

paternalism

Question 30

the process in which relatively affluent individuals move into a neighborhood that recently consisted of residents with moderate to low income; with the arrival of more affluent residents, housing demand increases and often leads to a decrease in affordable housing available to lower income residents

Answer 30

gentrification