Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

motivation based on external circumstances

Answer 2

extrinsic

Question 3

motivation based on internal drive or perception

Answer 3

intrinsic

Question 4

the primary factors that influence emotion:

Answer 4

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

Question 5

innate, fixed patterns of behavior

Answer 5

instincts

Question 6

theory of motivation:

people perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts

Answer 6

instinct theory

Question 7

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Answer 7

arousal

Question 8

theory of motivation:

people perform actions to maintain arousal, at an optimal level

Answer 8

arousal theory

Question 9

shows that performance is optimal at medium level of arousal

Answer 9

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 10

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

Answer 10

drives

Question 11

motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes in homeostasis

Answer 11

primary drives

Question 12

motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires

Answer 12

secondary drives

Question 13

theory of motivation:

motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

Answer 13

drive reduction theory

Question 14

relatively long-lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action

Answer 14

needs

Question 15

prioritizes needs into five categories: physiological need (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

Answer 15

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 16

theory of motivation:

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Answer 16

self-determination theory

Question 17

theory of motivation:

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Answer 17

incentive theory

Question 18

theory of motivation:
the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Answer 18

expectancy-value theory

Question 19

theory of motivation:
explains motivation for drug use; as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Answer 19

opponent-process theory

Question 20

type of motivation related to hormones as well as cultural and societal factors

Answer 20

sexual motivation

Question 21

is a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships; has three components

Answer 21

emotion

Question 22

component of emotion:

subjective interpretation

Answer 22

cognitive

Question 23

component of emotion:

facial expressions and body language

Answer 23

behavioral

Question 24

component of emotion:

changes in autonomic nervous system

Answer 24

physiological

Question 25

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Answer 25

seven universal emotions

Question 26

theory of emotion: | nervous system arousal leads to an emotional experience

Answer 26

James-Lange theory

Question 27

theory of emotion: | arousal of the nervous system and the experiences of emotion occur simultaneously

Answer 27

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 28

theory of emotion: | nervous system arousal is combined with cognition to create the experience of emotion

Answer 28

Schachter-Singer theory

Question 29

the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion

Answer 29

limbic system

Question 30

part of limbic system: is involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

Answer 30

amygdala

Question 31

part of limbic system: | is a sensory processing station

Answer 31

thalamus

Question 32

part of limbic system: | releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

part of limbic system: | creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories

Answer 33

hippocampus

Question 34

part of limbic system: | anterior portion of frontal lobe; involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions; three divisions

Answer 34

prefrontal cortex

Question 35

division of prefrontal cortex: | associated with attention and cognition

Answer 35

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Question 36

division of prefrontal cortex: | critical for experiencing emotion

Answer 36

ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 37

division of prefrontal cortex: | involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making

Answer 37

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 38

the physiological and cognitive responses to challenges or life changes

Answer 38

stress

Question 39

the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress; consists of two stages

Answer 39

stress (cognitive) appraisal

Question 40

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal: | classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Answer 40

primary appraisal

Question 41

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal: | directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge

Answer 41

secondary appraisal

Question 42

anything that leads to a stress response; can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, and biological ____

Answer 42

stressors

Question 43

include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict

Answer 43

psychological stressors

Question 44

occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (e.g. a threat)

Answer 44

distress

Question 45

the result of a positively-perceived stressor

Answer 45

eustress

Question 46

sequence of physiological responses when body is subjected to a stress as developed by Hans Selye; three stages

Answer 46

general adaptation theory

Question 47

stage of general adaptation theory: | initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 47

alarm

Question 48

stage of general adaptation theory: second stage in which continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight stressor

Answer 48

resistance

Question 49

stage of general adaptation theory: | third stage when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity

Answer 49

exhaustion

Question 50

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 50

physiological need (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)