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Princeton Psych/Soc > Social Theories and Social Structures > Flashcards

Social Theories and Social Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

standard deviations away from the mean

A
  • 1 - 68%
  • 2 - 95%
  • 3 - 99%
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2
Q

population

A
  • all of the potential people a study is trying to understand
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3
Q

sample

A
  • a subset of the population whose data is utilized in the study.
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4
Q

sample statistic

A
  • a value taken from a sample
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5
Q

population parameter

A
  • a value taken from a population
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6
Q

type 1 error

A
  • false positive
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7
Q

type 2 error

A
  • false negative
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8
Q

internal validity

A
  • the extent to which we can say that the change in the outcome variable is due to the intervention
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9
Q

external validity

A
  • the extent to which the findings can be generalized to the real world.
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10
Q

what is absolutely essential in any study?

A
  • assignment must be random!
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11
Q

functionalism

A
  • parts of society work together to maintain stability (dynamic or equilibrium)
  • compares society to a living organism
  • macro (top-down)
  • Durkheim
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12
Q

conflict theory

A
  • parts of society work against each other in competition for limited resources
  • macro (top-down)
  • Marx/Weber
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13
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A
  • individuals communicate with each other using culturally learned symbols
  • micro (bottom-up)
  • Mead
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14
Q

social constructionism

A
  • individual interaction results in socially agreed upon “constructs”
  • can be both
  • bottom-up approach
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15
Q

rational choice theory

A
  • individuals act based on the costs and benefits

- micro

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16
Q

social exchange theory

A
  • individuals interact based on rewards (benefits) and punishments (costs)
  • micro
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17
Q

feminism

A
  • women deserve rights that are politically, socially, and economically equal to men
  • can be both
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18
Q

manifest function

A
  • intended and obvious consequences of a structure
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19
Q

latent function

A
  • unintended or less obvious consequences
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20
Q

Karl Marx view of capitalism

A
  • capitalism produces internal tensions that will ultimately destroy capitalist society, to be replaced by socialism
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21
Q

Max Weber view of capitalism

A
  • capitalist system does lead to conflict, but the collapse is not inevitable.
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22
Q

founding fathers of sociology

A
  • Durkheim
  • Marx
  • Weber
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23
Q

socialization

A
  • the dynamic, ongoing process by which an individual internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of their society and learns to function as a member of that society.
24
Q

first-wave feminism

A
  • women’s suffrage, to own property, equal rights in marriage, work for wages
25
Q

second-wave feminism

A
  • gender equality, sexual rights, reproductive rights, resisting patriarchal structure
26
Q

third-wave feminism

A
  • areas of concern left untheorized by first and second wave feminists who were mostly white, middle-class, heterosexual, and American or European.
27
Q

intersectionality

A
  • study of overlapping systems of oppression and how systematic injustice and social inequality can occur on a multidimensional basis.
28
Q

hidden curriculum

A
  • unintentional lessons taught in school about norms, values, and beliefs
29
Q

teacher expectancy

A
  • expectations about how an individual/group will perform academically that impacts the teachers behavior toward the individual/group and results in individual/group conforming to expectations
30
Q

monarchy

A
  • a representative from one family controls the government and power is passed on through that family from generation to generation
31
Q

democracy

A
  • a political system in which citizens periodically choose officials to run their government
32
Q

authoritarian

A
  • a political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government
33
Q

totalitarianism

A
  • a political system under which the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizen’s lives.
34
Q

welfare capitalism

A
  • a system that features a market-based economy coupled with an extensive welfare system that include free health care and education for all citizens
35
Q

state capitalism

A
  • a system under which resources and means of production are privately owned but closely monitored and regulated by the government
36
Q

medicalization

A
  • a social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions
37
Q

conditional sick role

A
  • the condition or illness is temporary
38
Q

unconditionally legitimate sick role

A
  • condition or illness is incurable
39
Q

illegitimate role

A
  • the condition or illness is stigmatized by others.
40
Q

traditional theory

A
  • learning and understanding a given society rather than proactively making change.
41
Q

value

A
  • culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong
42
Q

beliefs

A
  • specific ideas that people feel to be true

- values support beliefs

43
Q

cultural lag

A
  • the fact that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations;
  • causes social problems and conflicts
44
Q

assimilation

A
  • the process by which a person or a group’s language or culture come to resemble those of another group
45
Q

multiculturalism

A
  • the preservation of various cultures or cultural identities within a single unified society
46
Q

ethnocentrism

A
  • the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture
47
Q

cultural relativism

A
  • the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.
48
Q

dominant culture

A
  • the group whose members are in the majority or who wield more power than other groups
49
Q

subculture

A
  • a group that lives differently from, but not opposed to, the dominant culture
  • culture within a culture
50
Q

counterculture

A
  • a subculture that opposes the dominant culture
51
Q

cultural transmission

A
  • the methods a group of people within a society or culture use to learn and pass on new information
52
Q

cultural diffusion

A
  • the spread of cultural beliefs and activities from one group to another.
53
Q

wrote extensively on the nature of capital

A
  • Karl Marx
54
Q

known for studies of early religious behavior, the effect of religion on social solidarity, and his description of the modern division of labor

A
  • Durkheim
55
Q

known for his foundational studies in pragmatism and symbolic interaction

A
  • Mead
56
Q

known for his theories of social structure, economy, and religion

A
  • Weber

Princeton Psych/Soc (7 decks)

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