Culture, Demographics, Inequality

Question 1

absolute poverty

Answer 1

• inability to secure the basic necessities of life

Question 2

relative poverty

Answer 2

• inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a given society.

Question 3

socioeconomic status defined by

Answer 3

• prestige - reputation or standing in society
• power - ability to enforce one’s will on others
• property - possessions, income, and other wealth.

Question 4

residential segregation

Answer 4

• the physical separation of groups into different areas/neighborhoods along the lines of race, ethnicity, SES, etc

Question 5

environmental injustice

Answer 5

• suggests that certain groups of low SES and minorities tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionately high.

Question 6

availability of healthcare

Answer 6

• the presence of resources across the US

- whether or not the resources exist for someone who needs them

Question 7

accessibility of healthcare

Answer 7

• the ability to obtain existing resources across the US

Question 8

caste system

Answer 8

• lower social mobility
• less dependent on effort
• social status defined by birth
• India, slavery, Royalty

Question 9

class system

Answer 9

• some degree of social mobility
• social status determined by birth and individual merit
• US

Question 10

meritocracy

Answer 10

• higher social mobility
• more dependent on effort
• social status based on individual merit

Question 11

bourgeoisie

Answer 11

• own means of production

Question 12

proletariat

Answer 12

• work for the owners

Question 13

class consciousness

Answer 13

• awareness of membership in a social class

Question 14

false consciousness

Answer 14

• do not recognize the state of relations of class.

Question 15

intergenerational mobility

Answer 15

• compares social mobility between parents and children in a family

Question 16

intragenerational mobility

Answer 16

• compares social mobility between members of the same generation.

Question 17

cultural capital

Answer 17

• non-financial characteristics evaluated by society

- includes education, intelligence,

Question 18

physical capital

Answer 18

• money, property, land, other physical assets

Question 19

social capital

Answer 19

• who you know, social networks.

Question 20

horizontal mobility

Answer 20

• involves a change in occupation or role without a change in the social hierarchy

Question 21

vertical mobility

Answer 21

• involves moving up or down in social stratification

Question 22

buffering hypothesis

Answer 22

• social support serves as a protective layer creating psychological distance between a person and stressful events

Question 23

direct effects hypothesis

Answer 23

• social support provides better health and wellness benefits
• healthier people are better able to manage stress

Question 24

when does gender identity develop

Answer 24

• around ages 3-6

Question 25

race

Answer 25

• usually results from genetic ancestry

Question 26

ethnicity

Answer 26

• based on shared cultural traditions

Question 27

prejudice

Answer 27

• preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgements toward people based on their group membership.
• belief but not behavior

Question 28

discrimination

Answer 28

• biased treatment of an individual based on group membership

Question 29

institutional discrimination

Answer 29

• when a social structure engages in discriminatory practices against an individual or group.

Question 30

personal identity

Answer 30

• all of the personal attributes that you consider integral to the description of who you are

Question 31

social identity

Answer 31

• all the socially defined attributes defining who you are including age, race, gender, religion, occupation, etc

Question 32

status

Answer 32

• a socially defined position or role within a society

Question 33

master status

Answer 33

• role or position that dominates

- tends to determine general “place” in society

Question 34

ascribed status

Answer 34

• one assigned to you by society regardless of effort

Question 35

achieved status

Answer 35

• one that is earned.

- opposite of ascribed status

Question 36

role

Answer 36

• a socially defined expectation about how you will behave based on your status

Question 37

role conflict

Answer 37

• occurs when two or more statuses are held by an individual and there is conflict between the expectations for each status

Question 38

role strain

Answer 38

• occurs when you face conflicting expectations for a single role

Question 39

role exit

Answer 39

• when you transition from one role to another

Question 40

network

Answer 40

• a web of social relationships, including those in which a person is directly linked to others as well as those in which people are indirectly connected through others

Question 41

organization

Answer 41

• a large group of people with a common purpose

- more complex, impersonal, and hierarchically structured than networks

Question 42

utilitarian

Answer 42

• members motivated by some incentive or reward

- students at university

Question 43

normative

Answer 43

• members motivated by a common cause or belief

- volunteer organization

Question 44

coercive

Answer 44

• members have been forced to join

- prisoners

Question 45

bureaucracy

Answer 45

• a system for managing public services that includes decision-making by non-elected officials, the implementation of rules and laws, and a system of set procedures meant to simplify the complex functioning of organizations.

Question 46

characteristics of ideal bureaucracy

Answer 46

• hierarchical structure
• division of labor
• written rules and expectations
• officials hired and promoted based on technical competence/expertise
• neutrality/impersonality

Question 47

iron law of oligarchy

Answer 47

• all forms of organizations, regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies, thus making true democracy practically and theoretically impossible, especially in large groups and complex organizations

Question 48

McDonaldization

Answer 48

• when principles of the fast food industry dominate other sectors of American society