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Princeton Psych/Soc > Psychological Disorders, Stress, and Consciousness > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders, Stress, and Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

psychological disorder

A
  • a set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms, and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning
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2
Q

factors originating mental illness

A
  • biological
  • psychological
  • sociocultural
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3
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  • manifest early in development usually before grade school
  • appear as deficits
  • generally difficult to treat
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4
Q

characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  • intellectual disability

- communication disorders

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5
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders diagnoses

A
  • autism spectrum disorder

- ADHD

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6
Q

ADD/ADHD

A
  • unknown causes
  • 2-4% of school-aged children
  • motor restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractibility, impulsivity
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7
Q

Common signs of autism

A
  • impaired social interaction
  • repetitive movements
  • inability to play interactively with other children
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8
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A
  • cognition centrally affected
  • specific of general cognitive decline
  • deficits in cognitive function range from major to mild
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9
Q

characteristics of cognitive disorders

A
  • cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains such as complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition
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10
Q

diagnoses of cognitive disorders

A
  • Delirium
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s
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11
Q

Alzheimer’s

A
  • amyloid plaques: clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells
  • Neurofibrillary tangles : clumps of altered proteins inside cells
  • destruction and death of nerve cells causes memory failure, personality changes, problems carrying out daily activities
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12
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • primarily caused by low dopamine levels
  • dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia die off
  • Lewy bodies (abnormal aggregates of protein) develop inside neurons
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13
Q

sleep-wake disorders

A
  • disturbance in quality, timing, and/or amount of sleep
  • may involve breathing patterns or nightmares
  • dysomnias
  • parasomnias
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14
Q

dysomnias

A
  • abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
  • insomnia
  • narcolepsy
  • sleep apnea
  • DIFFICULTY FALLING ASLEEP
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15
Q

insomnia

A
  • inability to fall or remain asleep

- most commonly reported sleep problem

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16
Q

narcolepsy

A
  • periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods
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17
Q

sleep apnea

A
  • intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings
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18
Q

parasomnias

A
  • abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
  • somnambulism
  • night terrors
  • PROBLEMS WHILE ASLEEP
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19
Q

somnambulism

A
  • sleep walking
  • during stage 3 of sleep (slow wave)
  • first third of the night during deep sleep
  • many children experience then grow out of it
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20
Q

night terrors

A
  • appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while deep asleep

- during stage 3 of sleep earlier during the night

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21
Q

nightmares

A
  • occur during REM sleep toward morning
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22
Q

anxiety disorders

types

A
  • excessive fear and/or anxiety
  • avoidance behaviors
  • phobias
  • social anxiety disorder
  • panic disorder
  • generalized anxiety disorder
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23
Q

phobias

A
  • a very specific fear/anxiety

- situational, natural environment, blood/injection/injury, animals

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24
Q

social anxiety disorder

A
  • fear/anxiety around social situations
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25
Q

panic disorder

A
  • includes panic attacks

- excessive anxiety/worry about next attack

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26
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • excessive anxiety without a specific cause
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27
Q

depressive disorders

A
  • sad, empty, and/or irritable mood
  • not related to normal grief
  • major depressive disorder
  • persistent depressive disorder
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28
Q

monoamine hypothesis of depression

A
  • depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the CNS
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29
Q

bipolar disorders

A
  • bridge between psychotic and depressive disorders
  • involve episodes and cycles
  • bipolar I (manic-depressive)
  • bipolar II - upward swings in mood that can approach mania
    • severity determines which is which
  • cyclothymic
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30
Q

schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

A
  • delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech
  • may involve negative symptoms
  • delusional disorder
  • brief psychotic disorder
  • schizophrenia disorder
  • schizophrenia
  • schizoaffective disorder
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31
Q

positive symptoms

A
  • psychotic symptoms not normally seen in healthy people

- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech

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32
Q

negative symptoms

A
  • disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors

- loss of motivation (avolition), flattened affect, reduced speech

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33
Q

cognitive symptoms

A
  • thought patterns that make it hard to lead a normal life and earn a living
  • poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problems with working memory
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34
Q

trauma and stressor-related disorders

A
  • exposure to traumatic or stressful event
  • exhibit any of a wide range of symptoms
  • PTSD
  • acute stress disorder
  • adjustment disorders
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35
Q

substance-related and addictive disorders

A
  • drugs separated into 10 classes
  • involves brain’s reward system
  • tolerance and withdrawal
  • substance use disorders
  • alcohol-related disorders
  • caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogen, disorders
  • gambling disorder
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36
Q

personality disorders

A
  • enduring pattern of socially deviant feelings and behaviors
  • pattern is inflexible and occurs across a range of settings and relationships
  • begins in adolescence or early adulthood
  • not diagnosed in children
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37
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A
  • odd/eccentric

- paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

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38
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A
  • dramatic/erratic
  • antisocial (men), borderline, histrionic, and narcisstic (women)
  • most resistant to therapy
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39
Q

cluster C personality disorders

A
  • anxious/fearful

- avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

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40
Q

disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct-disorders

A
  • problems in self control of emotions
  • behaviors violate the rights of others and/or cause legal trouble
  • oppositional defiant disorder
  • intermittent explosive disorder
  • conduct disorder
  • pyromania
  • kleptomania
41
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorders

A
  • obsessions (thoughts or urges)
  • compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
  • OCD
  • body dysmorphic disorder
  • hoarding disorder
  • trichotillomania
42
Q

somatic symptom disorders

A
  • excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms
  • commonly encountered in primary care
  • somatic symptom disorder
  • illness anxiety disorder
  • conversion disorder
  • factitious disorder
43
Q

feeding and eating disorders

A
  • disturbed eating behavior
  • consumption and/or absorption of food may be affected
  • pica
  • anorexia nervosa
  • bulemia nervosa
  • binge-eating disorder
44
Q

dissociative disorders

A
  • disruptions and/or discontinuities
  • abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion, etc
  • dissociative identity disorder
  • dissociative amnesia
  • depersonalization/derealization disorder
45
Q

prevalence of most common psychological disorders

A
  • anxiety (20%)
  • dissociative (10%)
  • depressive (10%)
  • personality (6%)
  • eating (6%)
  • somatic symptom (3%)
  • psychotic (2)
46
Q

assumed problems in psychoanalytic therapy

A
  • unconscious forces and childhood experiences
47
Q

therapy goals in psychoanalytic therapy

A
  • reduce anxiety through insight
48
Q

methods in psychoanalytic therapy

A
  • analysis and interpretation of dreams

- talk therapy

49
Q

assumed problems in humanistic therapy

A
  • barriers to self understanding and self-acceptance

- person-centered

50
Q

therapy goals in humanistic therapy

A
  • personal growth through self insight
51
Q

methods of humanistic therapy

A
  • active listening
  • unconditional positive regard
  • trust in client, congruence, empathy
52
Q

assumed problem in behavioral therapy

A
  • learned, maladaptive behaviors
53
Q

therapy goals in behavioral therapy

A
  • extinguish maladaptive behaviors and learn adaptive behaviors through conditioning
54
Q

methods of behavioral therapy

A
  • systematic desensitization
  • flooding
  • aversion therapy
  • relaxation
55
Q

assumed problem in cognitive behavioral therapy

A
  • maladaptive behaviors and/or self defeating thoughts
56
Q

therapy goals in cognitive behavioral therapy

A
  • extinction of undesired thoughts/behaviors, learning adaptive thoughts/behaviors, healthier thinking, and self-talk
57
Q

methods in cognitive behavioral therapy

A
  • reconditioning
  • desensitization
  • reversal
58
Q

consciousness

A
  • the awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment
59
Q

reticular activating system

A
  • controls alertness and arousal

- regulate activity via the thalamus

60
Q

circadian rhythms

A
  • control the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 24-hour cycle
61
Q

physiological indicators of a mammal’s circadian rhythm

A
  • controlled by melatonin released by the pineal gland,
  • body temperature
  • serum cortisol levels
62
Q

what regulates sleep

A
  • light exposure

- suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothamalus

63
Q

what produces cortisol?

A
  • adrenal cortex
64
Q

stage 1 sleep

A
  • theta waves
  • hypnic jerk
  • slow rolling eye movemments
  • moderate muscle activity
  • fleeting thoughts, non-REM sleep
65
Q

stage 2 sleep

A
  • sleep spindle
  • K complex
  • no eye movement
  • moderate muscle activity
  • increased relaxation, decreased temp, HR, and respiration
66
Q

stages 3 and 4 sleep

A
  • delta waves - low freq. high amp
  • no eye movement
  • moderate muscle activity
  • heart and digestion slowed, growth hormone secreted, deepest level of sleep, physiological repair
67
Q

REM sleep

A
  • similar to beta waves but more jagged (person appears to be awake)
  • bursts of quick eye movement
  • no muscle activity
  • when dreams occurs
  • 25%. Back loaded during the night
68
Q

waves when awake

A
  • beta
69
Q

waves when drowsy

A
  • alpha
70
Q

deep sleep

A
  • front loaded during the night
71
Q

psychological dependence

A
  • a drug becomes central to a person’s thoughts, emotions, and activities.
  • any drug and non-drugs can lead to psychological dependence
72
Q

physical dependence

A
  • presence of withdrawal symptoms

- the person depends on the drug to avoid these symptoms

73
Q

addiction

A
  • compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences

- inability to stop using a drug

74
Q

nucleus accubens

A
  • pleasure center of the brain

- dopamine release

75
Q

many active drugs stimulate

A
  • dopamine release
76
Q

tolerance

A
  • an individual must use more of a drug to get the desired effect
77
Q

dependence

A
  • repeated use of drug

- a person needing to use a drug to function normally

78
Q

withdrawal

A
  • symptoms that occur when a person who has formed a dependence to a drug suddenly discontinues or decreases use of that drug
  • drug specific and dose tolerant
79
Q

depressants

A
  • alcohol
  • barbiturates
  • opiates
80
Q

depressants mechanism of action

A
  • depresses CNS
  • especially fight or flight
  • upregulation of GABA
  • inhibition of glutamate
81
Q

depressants effects

A
  • impaired motor control
  • eventual addiction
  • inhibit respiratory centers in brainstem
82
Q

stimulants

A
  • caffeine
  • nicotine
  • amphetamines
  • cocaine
83
Q

stimulants mechanism of action

A
  • increases release of neurotransmitters
  • inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitters
  • increase NE or dopamine
  • act as an ACh agonist
84
Q

stimulants effects

A
  • sped up bodily functions

- rush followed by crash

85
Q

hallucinogens

A
  • LSD

- marijuana (THC)

86
Q

hallucinogen mechanism of action

A
  • distorts perceptions in the absence of sensory input
87
Q

hallucinogen effects

A
  • hallucinations
  • impaired judgment
  • slowed reaction time
88
Q

stress

A
  • anything that poses a threat or challenge to our physical or mental well-being
89
Q

primary response for cognitive appraisal of stress

A
  • initial evaluation

- focus directly on present threat

90
Q

secondary response for cognitive appraisal of stress

A
  • evaluation of our ability to cope with this stressor

- damage caused and how to deal with situation

91
Q

catastrophes

A
  • unpredictable, large scale events that include natural disasters and wartime events and affect many people
  • MUST IMPACT LOTS OF PEOPLE
92
Q

significant life changes

A
  • personal events or occurrences that have a major impact on our lives
  • positive (marriage, birth)
  • negative (divorce, death)
  • focus on families
93
Q

daily hassles

A
  • everyday irritations of life
94
Q

ambient stressors

A
  • part of our environment
95
Q

physiological response to acute stress

A
  • fight or flight responses
  • sleep disturbances
  • adaptive/evolutionary
  • system in place to return to homeostasis
96
Q

physiological response to chronic stress

A
  • cortisol
  • immunosuppresion
  • chronic high blood pressure
  • inhibition of growth
  • mental health issues
  • damage to muscle tissues
97
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  • Selye

- alarm -> resistance -> exhaustion -> physical illness

98
Q

appraisal

A
  • how a stress is interpreted by the individual

Princeton Psych/Soc (7 decks)

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