Psychological Disorders, Stress, and Consciousness Flashcards
psychological disorder
- a set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms, and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning
factors originating mental illness
- biological
- psychological
- sociocultural
neurodevelopmental disorders
- manifest early in development usually before grade school
- appear as deficits
- generally difficult to treat
characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders
- intellectual disability
- communication disorders
neurodevelopmental disorders diagnoses
- autism spectrum disorder
- ADHD
ADD/ADHD
- unknown causes
- 2-4% of school-aged children
- motor restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractibility, impulsivity
Common signs of autism
- impaired social interaction
- repetitive movements
- inability to play interactively with other children
neurocognitive disorders
- cognition centrally affected
- specific of general cognitive decline
- deficits in cognitive function range from major to mild
characteristics of cognitive disorders
- cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains such as complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition
diagnoses of cognitive disorders
- Delirium
- Alzheimer’s
- Parkinson’s
Alzheimer’s
- amyloid plaques: clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells
- Neurofibrillary tangles : clumps of altered proteins inside cells
- destruction and death of nerve cells causes memory failure, personality changes, problems carrying out daily activities
Parkinson’s disease
- primarily caused by low dopamine levels
- dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia die off
- Lewy bodies (abnormal aggregates of protein) develop inside neurons
sleep-wake disorders
- disturbance in quality, timing, and/or amount of sleep
- may involve breathing patterns or nightmares
- dysomnias
- parasomnias
dysomnias
- abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
- insomnia
- narcolepsy
- sleep apnea
- DIFFICULTY FALLING ASLEEP
insomnia
- inability to fall or remain asleep
- most commonly reported sleep problem
narcolepsy
- periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods
sleep apnea
- intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings
parasomnias
- abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
- somnambulism
- night terrors
- PROBLEMS WHILE ASLEEP
somnambulism
- sleep walking
- during stage 3 of sleep (slow wave)
- first third of the night during deep sleep
- many children experience then grow out of it
night terrors
- appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while deep asleep
- during stage 3 of sleep earlier during the night
nightmares
- occur during REM sleep toward morning
anxiety disorders
types
- excessive fear and/or anxiety
- avoidance behaviors
- phobias
- social anxiety disorder
- panic disorder
- generalized anxiety disorder
phobias
- a very specific fear/anxiety
- situational, natural environment, blood/injection/injury, animals
social anxiety disorder
- fear/anxiety around social situations
panic disorder
- includes panic attacks
- excessive anxiety/worry about next attack
generalized anxiety disorder
- excessive anxiety without a specific cause
depressive disorders
- sad, empty, and/or irritable mood
- not related to normal grief
- major depressive disorder
- persistent depressive disorder
monoamine hypothesis of depression
- depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the CNS
bipolar disorders
- bridge between psychotic and depressive disorders
- involve episodes and cycles
- bipolar I (manic-depressive)
- bipolar II - upward swings in mood that can approach mania
- severity determines which is which
- cyclothymic
schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
- delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech
- may involve negative symptoms
- delusional disorder
- brief psychotic disorder
- schizophrenia disorder
- schizophrenia
- schizoaffective disorder
positive symptoms
- psychotic symptoms not normally seen in healthy people
- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech
negative symptoms
- disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors
- loss of motivation (avolition), flattened affect, reduced speech
cognitive symptoms
- thought patterns that make it hard to lead a normal life and earn a living
- poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problems with working memory
trauma and stressor-related disorders
- exposure to traumatic or stressful event
- exhibit any of a wide range of symptoms
- PTSD
- acute stress disorder
- adjustment disorders
substance-related and addictive disorders
- drugs separated into 10 classes
- involves brain’s reward system
- tolerance and withdrawal
- substance use disorders
- alcohol-related disorders
- caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogen, disorders
- gambling disorder
personality disorders
- enduring pattern of socially deviant feelings and behaviors
- pattern is inflexible and occurs across a range of settings and relationships
- begins in adolescence or early adulthood
- not diagnosed in children
Cluster A personality disorders
- odd/eccentric
- paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
Cluster B personality disorders
- dramatic/erratic
- antisocial (men), borderline, histrionic, and narcisstic (women)
- most resistant to therapy
cluster C personality disorders
- anxious/fearful
- avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct-disorders
- problems in self control of emotions
- behaviors violate the rights of others and/or cause legal trouble
- oppositional defiant disorder
- intermittent explosive disorder
- conduct disorder
- pyromania
- kleptomania
obsessive-compulsive disorders
- obsessions (thoughts or urges)
- compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
- OCD
- body dysmorphic disorder
- hoarding disorder
- trichotillomania
somatic symptom disorders
- excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms
- commonly encountered in primary care
- somatic symptom disorder
- illness anxiety disorder
- conversion disorder
- factitious disorder
feeding and eating disorders
- disturbed eating behavior
- consumption and/or absorption of food may be affected
- pica
- anorexia nervosa
- bulemia nervosa
- binge-eating disorder
dissociative disorders
- disruptions and/or discontinuities
- abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion, etc
- dissociative identity disorder
- dissociative amnesia
- depersonalization/derealization disorder
prevalence of most common psychological disorders
- anxiety (20%)
- dissociative (10%)
- depressive (10%)
- personality (6%)
- eating (6%)
- somatic symptom (3%)
- psychotic (2)
assumed problems in psychoanalytic therapy
- unconscious forces and childhood experiences
therapy goals in psychoanalytic therapy
- reduce anxiety through insight
methods in psychoanalytic therapy
- analysis and interpretation of dreams
- talk therapy
assumed problems in humanistic therapy
- barriers to self understanding and self-acceptance
- person-centered
therapy goals in humanistic therapy
- personal growth through self insight
methods of humanistic therapy
- active listening
- unconditional positive regard
- trust in client, congruence, empathy
assumed problem in behavioral therapy
- learned, maladaptive behaviors
therapy goals in behavioral therapy
- extinguish maladaptive behaviors and learn adaptive behaviors through conditioning
methods of behavioral therapy
- systematic desensitization
- flooding
- aversion therapy
- relaxation
assumed problem in cognitive behavioral therapy
- maladaptive behaviors and/or self defeating thoughts
therapy goals in cognitive behavioral therapy
- extinction of undesired thoughts/behaviors, learning adaptive thoughts/behaviors, healthier thinking, and self-talk
methods in cognitive behavioral therapy
- reconditioning
- desensitization
- reversal
consciousness
- the awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment
reticular activating system
- controls alertness and arousal
- regulate activity via the thalamus
circadian rhythms
- control the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 24-hour cycle
physiological indicators of a mammal’s circadian rhythm
- controlled by melatonin released by the pineal gland,
- body temperature
- serum cortisol levels
what regulates sleep
- light exposure
- suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothamalus
what produces cortisol?
- adrenal cortex
stage 1 sleep
- theta waves
- hypnic jerk
- slow rolling eye movemments
- moderate muscle activity
- fleeting thoughts, non-REM sleep
stage 2 sleep
- sleep spindle
- K complex
- no eye movement
- moderate muscle activity
- increased relaxation, decreased temp, HR, and respiration
stages 3 and 4 sleep
- delta waves - low freq. high amp
- no eye movement
- moderate muscle activity
- heart and digestion slowed, growth hormone secreted, deepest level of sleep, physiological repair
REM sleep
- similar to beta waves but more jagged (person appears to be awake)
- bursts of quick eye movement
- no muscle activity
- when dreams occurs
- 25%. Back loaded during the night
waves when awake
- beta
waves when drowsy
- alpha
deep sleep
- front loaded during the night
psychological dependence
- a drug becomes central to a person’s thoughts, emotions, and activities.
- any drug and non-drugs can lead to psychological dependence
physical dependence
- presence of withdrawal symptoms
- the person depends on the drug to avoid these symptoms
addiction
- compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences
- inability to stop using a drug
nucleus accubens
- pleasure center of the brain
- dopamine release
many active drugs stimulate
- dopamine release
tolerance
- an individual must use more of a drug to get the desired effect
dependence
- repeated use of drug
- a person needing to use a drug to function normally
withdrawal
- symptoms that occur when a person who has formed a dependence to a drug suddenly discontinues or decreases use of that drug
- drug specific and dose tolerant
depressants
- alcohol
- barbiturates
- opiates
depressants mechanism of action
- depresses CNS
- especially fight or flight
- upregulation of GABA
- inhibition of glutamate
depressants effects
- impaired motor control
- eventual addiction
- inhibit respiratory centers in brainstem
stimulants
- caffeine
- nicotine
- amphetamines
- cocaine
stimulants mechanism of action
- increases release of neurotransmitters
- inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitters
- increase NE or dopamine
- act as an ACh agonist
stimulants effects
- sped up bodily functions
- rush followed by crash
hallucinogens
- LSD
- marijuana (THC)
hallucinogen mechanism of action
- distorts perceptions in the absence of sensory input
hallucinogen effects
- hallucinations
- impaired judgment
- slowed reaction time
stress
- anything that poses a threat or challenge to our physical or mental well-being
primary response for cognitive appraisal of stress
- initial evaluation
- focus directly on present threat
secondary response for cognitive appraisal of stress
- evaluation of our ability to cope with this stressor
- damage caused and how to deal with situation
catastrophes
- unpredictable, large scale events that include natural disasters and wartime events and affect many people
- MUST IMPACT LOTS OF PEOPLE
significant life changes
- personal events or occurrences that have a major impact on our lives
- positive (marriage, birth)
- negative (divorce, death)
- focus on families
daily hassles
- everyday irritations of life
ambient stressors
- part of our environment
physiological response to acute stress
- fight or flight responses
- sleep disturbances
- adaptive/evolutionary
- system in place to return to homeostasis
physiological response to chronic stress
- cortisol
- immunosuppresion
- chronic high blood pressure
- inhibition of growth
- mental health issues
- damage to muscle tissues
General Adaptation Syndrome
- Selye
- alarm -> resistance -> exhaustion -> physical illness
appraisal
- how a stress is interpreted by the individual
