Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Princeton Psych/Soc > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

nonassociative learning

A
  • when an organism is repeatedly exposed to a stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

habituation

A
  • when the organism becomes accustomed to the stimulus

- become so used to the stimulus you ignore it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dishabituation

A
  • after an organism has become habituated to the stimulus, then the stimulus is removed
  • organism no longer habituated to the stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sensitization

A
  • when the organism demonstrates increased responsiveness to the stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

desensitization

A
  • when the organism demonstrates a decreased response to the stimulus
  • actively take steps to become less sensitized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • a process in which two stimuli are paired in such a way that the response to one of the stimuli changes
  • Pavlov
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neutral stimulus

A
  • does not initially elicit a response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A
  • elicits unconditioned response

- biological reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

conditioned stimulus

A
  • originally neutral
  • paired with a conditioned stimulus until it can produce a conditioned response without the original conditioned stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

conditioned response

A
  • learned response to conditioned stimulus.

- same as unconditioned response but now occurs without unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

acquisition phase

A
  • conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired
  • learning the conditioned response
  • strength of conditioned response will gradually increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

first extinction

A
  • conditioned stimulus alone
  • no food/unconditioned stimulus presented
  • slowly lose the response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rest phase

A
  • nothing is presented
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

spontaneous recovery and second extinction

A
  • conditioned stimulus alone
  • elicit a conditioned response
  • not as strong as original
  • will go extinct quicker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

generalization

A
  • when stimuli other than the original conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
  • generally other similar stimuli
  • doorbell other than bell, or cellphone ring other than bell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

discrimination

A
  • when the conditioned stimulus is distinguished from other stimuli and is the only thing to elicit the conditioned response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • reinforcement (pleasurable consequences) and punishment (unpleasant consequences) are employed to mold behavioral responses
  • BF Skinner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

shaping

A
  • the rewarding of successive approximations to lead to desired behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

extinction burst

A
  • the initial increase in the frequency and magnitude of the behavior prior to the gradual decrease and extinction of the behavior
  • likely to occur when reinforcement is removed abruptly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

superstitious behavior

A
  • behaviors that have no impact on the reinforcement/pushment, but have been associated with receiving the reinforcement or avoiding punishment anyway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

reinforcement

A
  • anything that will increase the likelihood of behavior happening again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

punishment

A
  • anything that will decrease the likelihood of behavior happening again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

primary reinforcement

A
  • something innately desirable

- food, praise, affection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

secondary reinforcement

A
  • something that has to be conditioned to be desirable

- money, good grades, gold stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

primary punishment

A
  • something that is innately undesirable

- shocks, spankings, loud noises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

secondary reinforcement

A
  • something that is conditioned to be undesirable

- ticket/fine, bad grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

token economy

A
  • a system in which targeted behaviors are reinforced with tokens (secondary reinforcers) and are later exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

positive

A
  • add something
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

negative

A
  • take away something
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

aversive control

A
  • behavior is motivated by threat of something unpleasant happening
  • produces avoidance and escape behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

escape behavior

A
  • involves doing something to terminate an unpredicted, unpleasant or otherwise aversive stimulus
  • pull fire alarm during test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

avoidance behavior

A
  • involves doing something to prevent a predicted, unpleasant or otherwise aversive stimulus from even happening
  • pretend to be sick right up till test time so you don’t have to take it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

fixed ratio

A
  • reinforcer given after a set number of responses
  • fast response rate
  • medium extinction rate
  • Ex: every 5 times
  • best for learning new behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

variable ratio

A
  • reinforcer given after unpredictable number of responses
  • fast response rate
  • slowest rate of extinction
  • slots
  • best for maintaining learned behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

fixed interval

A
  • reinforcer given after a set amount of time
  • medium response rate
  • medium extinction rate
  • paycheck every two weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

variable interval

A
  • reinforce given after a variable amount of time
  • fast response rate
  • slow extinction rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

continuous

A
  • reinforcer given after every single response
  • slow response rate
  • fast extinction rate
  • best way to teach new behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

biological predispositions

A
  • organisms are best conditioned to perform behaviors they are already inclined to perform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

instinctive drift

A
  • species-specific behaviors that intrude on conditioned behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

observational learning

A
  • Bandura
  • a process in which learned occurs through the observation of another’s behavior
  • saw how children responded to a Bobo doll
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mirror neurons

A
  • fire when performing an action and when observing the same action performed by another
  • thought to be important for observational learning, understanding the actions and mindset of others, and possibly for empathy
  • dysfunction of mirror neurons might be responsible for the social deficits characteristics of autism spectrum disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

vicarious emotions

A
  • when observing emotional responses in others, research suggests the same areas of our brain are activated
  • also thought to be critical in our experience of empathy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

insight learning

A
  • a process in which the solution to a problem suddenly comes to us in what may be described as a “flash of insight”
  • Kohler and monkeys stacking boxes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

latent learning

A
  • learning is occurring but not immediately obvious

- later, when needed, the learning demonstrates itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

primacy effect

A
  • remember first things first
46
Q

serial position effect

A
  • tendency to remember the first and last things in a list.
47
Q

recency effect

A
  • remember last things
48
Q

encoding

A
  • transfer of sensory memory into our memory system

- may involve the coding/processing of information to be stored

49
Q

storage

A
  • retaining information in short-term or long-term memory
50
Q

retrieval

A
  • extracting information that has been stored
51
Q

working memory composed of

A
  • phonological loop
  • visuospatial sketchpad
  • central executive
  • episodic buffer
52
Q

working memory

A
  • where information is maintained temporarily as part of a particular mental activity
53
Q

sensory memory

A
  • unattended information lost
  • iconic - visual
  • acoustic/echoic - audio
  • decays quickly
    • iconic < 1 second
    • echoic 2-4 sec
54
Q

short-term memory

A
  • maintenance rehearsal to keep it in STM
  • unrehearsed information is quickly lost
  • rehearsal buffer capacity of 7+/- 2
  • decays in 15-30 sec
  • encoding into STM is primarily acoustic
55
Q

long term memory

A
  • permanent storage
  • unlimited capacity
  • encoding into LTM is primary semantic (meaning making)
56
Q

encoding

A
  • the process of changing/transforming information into a form that is more easily stored in our brains
57
Q

rehearsal

A
  • repetition of information over and over
58
Q

organization

A
  • grouping of information into logical categories
59
Q

semantic

A
  • organizing information in a way that makes the most sense
60
Q

chunking

A
  • grouping information into larger chunks
61
Q

dual-encoding

A
  • linking both visual and verbal information
62
Q

mnemonics

A
  • any technique for improving retention of information
63
Q

self-reference

A
  • making information personally relevant
64
Q

depth of processing

A
  • information thought about at a deeper level is easier to remember
65
Q

method of loci

A
  • moving through a familiar place and leaving a visual representation of the topic to be remembered in each place
66
Q

explicit memory

A
  • memory with conscious recall
  • episodic
  • semantic
67
Q

implicit memory

A
  • memory without conscious recall

- procedural

68
Q

episodic memory

A
  • events you have personally experienced
69
Q

semantic memory

A
  • your general knowledge of information an facts
70
Q

procedural memory

A
  • learning motor skills, physical actions
71
Q

hippocampus

A
  • encoding new explicit memories
72
Q

cerebellum

A
  • learning skills and conditioned associations
73
Q

amygdala

A
  • associating emotion with memories, negative ones
74
Q

spreading activation model

A
  • once response threshold is reached, the node fire and sends a stimulus to all of its neighbors contributing to their activation
75
Q

retrieval cue

A
  • any stimulus that assists in memory retrieval
76
Q

priming

A
  • occurs when exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus
77
Q

positive priming

A
  • speeds up processing
78
Q

negative priming

A
  • slows down processing
79
Q

context-dependent memory

A
  • studies suggest that we are better at retrieving information when we are in the same context in which the information was learned
80
Q

state-dependent learning

A
  • we are better at remembering information when we are in the same state in which the information was encoded.
81
Q

displacement

A
  • occurs in short-term memory in the rehearsal buffer when new, often related, information is substituted for the actual information
82
Q

retrieval

A
  • the process of finding information stored in memory
83
Q

free recall

A
  • information out of thin air without hints or cues
84
Q

cued recall

A
  • memory with clues or hints
85
Q

recognition

A
  • identify specific information from a set of information presented
86
Q

relearning

A
  • able to learn information quicker than originally learned
87
Q

interference

A
  • when competing material makes it more difficult to encode or retrieve information
88
Q

proactive interference

A
  • information that has already been learned interferes with ability to learn new information
89
Q

retroactive interference

A
  • new information that has been learned makes it more difficult to retrieve older information
90
Q

positive transfer

A
  • old information makes it easier to learn new information
91
Q

mild cognitive impairment

A
  • people face memory problems more often than that of the average person of their age
92
Q

age related memory impairment

A
  • normal aging associated with a decline in various memory abilities in many cognitive tasks
93
Q

what is impaired in normal aging

A
  • episodic memory
94
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • impacts hippocampus first
  • 60-70% of dementia
  • problems with language, disorientation, mood swings, behavioral issues, loss of ability to care for oneself
95
Q

Korsakoff’s

A
  • chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
  • most commonly caused by alcohol misuse, but can also be associated with AIDS, chronic infections, poor nutrition,
96
Q

source monitoring errors

A
  • misidentifying the origins of our knowledge
97
Q

false memories

A
  • a fabricated or distorted recollection of an event that did not actually happen
98
Q

anterograde amnesia

A
  • the loss of the ability to create new memories

- can still remember old memories

99
Q

retrograde amnesia

A
  • a loss of memory access to events that occurred before an injury or the onset of disease
100
Q

prospective memory

A
  • remembering to do things in the future

- stronger with cues from the environment

101
Q

memory decay

A
  • the longer the time since learned information the more information will be forgotten
102
Q

neural plasticity

A
  • changes in the brain due to learning, thinking, behavior, emotions, etc
  • change from the cellular level due to the anatomical level
103
Q

long-term potentiation

A
  • connections between neurons strengthen
  • underlies memory and storage
  • what fires together wires together
104
Q

normative influence

A
  • conform to other people to be accepted and liked by them
105
Q

informational influence

A
  • others know something we don’t know so we follow them
106
Q

cerebellum

A
  • coordinates muscle activities
107
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • working memory
108
Q

hippocampus

A
  • transfers from short term memory to long term memory while we sleep
  • consolidation - then sent to respective lobes for storage
109
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • processes auditory information
110
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • processes somatosensory information
111
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • processes visual information

Princeton Psych/Soc (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions