Self Identity and Social Interactions Flashcards
1
Q
self concept
A
- all of your beliefs about who you are as an individuals
2
Q
self schema
A
- the beliefs and ideas we have about ourselves
- used to guide and organize the processing of information that is relevant to ourselves.
3
Q
self efficacy
A
- our belief in our abilities, competence, and effectiveness
4
Q
locus of control
A
- our belief in whether or not we can influence the events that impact us
5
Q
internal locus of control
A
- we have control over events
6
Q
external locus of control
A
- we do not have control
7
Q
learned helplessness
A
- an individual possesses low self efficacy and an external locus of control
8
Q
self consciousness
A
- awareness of one’s self
9
Q
self esteem
A
- beliefs about one’s self worth
10
Q
dispositional attribution
A
- internal causes
11
Q
situational attribution
A
- external causes
12
Q
three factors that determine whether we attribute behavior to internal or external causes
A
- distinctiveness
- consensus
- consistency
13
Q
fundamental attribution error
A
- when we attribute another person’s behavior to their personalities
14
Q
actor/observer bias
A
- we attribute our own actions to the situation but others to their personalities
15
Q
self-serving bias
A
- we attribute our own successes to ourselves but our failures to others
16
Q
optimism bias
A
- when we believe that bad things happen to other people but not to ourselves
17
Q
just world belief
A
- when we believe that bad things happen to others because of their own actions or failure to act
18
Q
social learning theory
A
- learning is a cognitive process that takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observations
19
Q
looking-glass self
A
- cooley
- an individual’s self is shaped by interactions with others and the perception of others
- shape ourselves based on what others perceive, and in doing so, end up confirming other people’s opinions
20
Q
role taking
A
- involves understanding the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view
21
Q
reference group
A
- the group that we relate or aspire to relate ourselves to
- standard for evaluating ourselves
22
Q
social comparison theory
A
- we all have a drive to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to others
- our identify will be in some way shaped by the comparisons we make and the types of reference groups we have
23
Q
impression management
A
- the conscious or unconscious process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing the perceptions of others
24
Q
dramaturgical perspective
A
- we imagine ourselves playing certain roles when interacting with others
- we base our presentations on cultural values, norms, and expectations with the ultimate goal of presenting an acceptable self to others
25
Q
front stage
A
- use impression management to craft the way we come across to people
26
Q
back stage
A
- let down our guard and be ourselves
27
Q
social norms
A
- explicit or implicit rules specifying acceptable behaviors within a society
28
Q
folkways
A
- standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant
29
Q
mores
A
- strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
30
Q
taboo
A
- norm that is vehemently prohibited because the behavior is considered morally or ethically reprehensible by almost everyone
31
Q
deviance
A
- a violation of society’s standards of conduct or expectations
32
Q
legal sanction
A
- formal deviance or the violation of legal codes
- results in criminal action by the state
33
Q
stigmatization
A
- informal deviance or violation of the unwritten social rules of behavior
- results in social stigma
34
Q
preference for one behavior over another
A
- less degrees of social violation result in preference rather than stigmatization
35
Q
social facilitation effect
A
- the presence of others either improves our performance on well-ingrained tasks or hurts our performance on new tasks.
36
Q
deindividuation
A
- in situations where there is a high degree of arousal and a low degree of personal responsibility, we may lose our sense of restraint and individual identity in exchange for identifying with mob mentality
37
Q
bystander effect
A
- we are less likely to help a victim when other people are present
- we assume someone else will help them
38
Q
social loafing
A
- when working in a group and each person has a tendency to exert less individual effort than if they were working independently
39
Q
groupthink
A
- when the desire for harmony results in members attempting to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints
40
Q
mindguarding
A
- prevent dissenting opinions, information and other facts from permeating the group
41
Q
group polarization
A
- groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members
- the average view of a member of the group is accentuated
- NOT WHEN A GROUP BECOMES MORE DIVIDED ON AN ISSUE
42
Q
conformity
A
- when you adjust your behavior or thinking based on the behavior or thinking of others
43
Q
who did the conformity experiment?
A
- Asch
44
Q
Asch’s experiment
A
- subjects determined which line was similar to a comparison line
- most got it right
- put into a room with confederates who picked the wrong line
- people went with the confederates
45
Q
obedience
A
- when you yield to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure
46
Q
who did the obedience experiment?
A
- Milgram
47
Q
Milgram’s experiment
A
- experimenter orders “teacher” to deliver shock to “learner” for each wrong answer
- would go higher and higher and kept administering high shocks when told to do so
- DO NOT CONFUSE TEACHER HERE
48
Q
group
A
- number of people who identify and interact
49
Q
aggregate
A
- people who exist in the same space but do not identify or interact
50
Q
category
A
- shares certain characteristics but does not regularly interact
51
Q
in group
A
- any group a person belongs to and identifies with
52
Q
out group
A
- any group a person does not belong to or identify with
53
Q
primary group
A
- smaller
- close, personal
- longer term
- goal is the relationship
54
Q
secondary group
A
- larger
- impersonal and goal-oriented
- shorter-term
- to accomplish a specific purpose or perform a specific function
55
Q
social movement
A
- group action that attempts to promote, resist, or undo a social change
56
Q
globalization
A
- the process of international integration due to the exchange of viewpoints, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture around the world
57
Q
urbanization
A
- a decrease in the proportion of the population living in rural areas and an increase in the proportion of the population residing in urban areas
58
Q
three key elements to persuasion
A
- message characteristics
- source characteristics - the person giving the message
- target characteristics - the person receiving the message
59
Q
elaboration likelihood model
A
- two cognitive routes of persuasion
- central route
- peripheral route
60
Q
central route
A
- people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself
61
Q
peripheral route
A
- people focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or orator
62
Q
foot-in-the-door technique
A
- asking for a small request first then a much larger request next
- after an individual complies with a small request, they are more likely to comply with a larger request
63
Q
door in the face technique
A
- asking for a large request first, then a much smaller request
64
Q
low-ball technique
A
- getting someone to agree to something at a low cost
65
Q
ingratiation technique
A
- gaining compliance by gaining personal approval from an individual
66
Q
norm of reciprocity
A
- we are more likely to comply with a request from someone who has done us a favor in the past
67
Q
three things that foster attraction
A
- proximity - like people who are closer to us
- similarity
- physical attractiveness
68
Q
mere exposure effect
A
- we tend to develop a preference for things we’re familiar with
69
Q
physical attractiveness stereotype
A
- we tend to attribute positive characteristics to people who are physically attractive
- also called halo effect
70
Q
aggression
A
- meant to hurt or intimidate others
71
Q
hostile aggression
A
- accompanied by strong emotions
- behavior is impulsive, unplanned, or uncontrollable
- goal: harming the other person
72
Q
instrumental aggression
A
- behavior is goal oriented, planned, and controlled
- goal: harming the person to obtain something else
73
Q
major factors that influence aggression
A
- environmental
- cultural
- biological
74
Q
harlow experiment
A
- two mothers - food and cloth
- baby monkey preferred soft cloth and only went to other mother for food
- demonstrated social deficits when reintroduced to other monkeys
75
Q
Ainsworth experiment
A
- strange situation
- mothers would temporarily leave their toddlers in a playroom with an unfamiliar person
- studied toddler’s behavior during absence and return
76
Q
securely attached
A
- happily explore their surroundings while mother is present
- cry when she leaves
- easily consoled when she returns
- have sensitive and responsive caregivers
77
Q
insecurely attached
A
- have insensitive and inconsistently responsive caregivers
78
Q
ambivalent attachment
A
- when the mother leaves, toddler cries loudly, and remains upset after return
- may be inconsolable
- may cling to other or hit her or push away from her
79
Q
avoidant attachment
A
- indifference to mother’s absence and return
- physiological data show toddler is experiencing distress
80
Q
person perception
A
- the different processes that we use to form impressions of others
81
Q
physical cues
A
- how someone looks influences our impression of them
82
Q
salience
A
- focus on the most obvious cues and ignore or downplay less obvious ones
83
Q
social categorization
A
- we categorize people based on social characteristics
84
Q
halo effect
A
- overall impression of someone impacts our assumptions about that person’s character
85
Q
American bootstrap myth
myth of the American dream
A
- anyone who works hard enough can “pull themselves up their their own bootstraps”
- therefore people in lower classes deserve to be poor
86
Q
self-fulfilling prophecy
A
- when an individual unknowingly and unintentionally causes something to happen due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to happen
- or when an individual unwittingly confirms a stereotype about themselves
87
Q
stereotype threat
A
- when people are in situations where they are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their own social group
88
Q
stereotype boost
A
- people perform better than they otherwise would have because of exposure to positive stereotypes after their social group
