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Princeton Psych/Soc > Self Identity and Social Interactions > Flashcards

Self Identity and Social Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

self concept

A
  • all of your beliefs about who you are as an individuals
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2
Q

self schema

A
  • the beliefs and ideas we have about ourselves

- used to guide and organize the processing of information that is relevant to ourselves.

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3
Q

self efficacy

A
  • our belief in our abilities, competence, and effectiveness
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4
Q

locus of control

A
  • our belief in whether or not we can influence the events that impact us
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5
Q

internal locus of control

A
  • we have control over events
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6
Q

external locus of control

A
  • we do not have control
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7
Q

learned helplessness

A
  • an individual possesses low self efficacy and an external locus of control
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8
Q

self consciousness

A
  • awareness of one’s self
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9
Q

self esteem

A
  • beliefs about one’s self worth
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10
Q

dispositional attribution

A
  • internal causes
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11
Q

situational attribution

A
  • external causes
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12
Q

three factors that determine whether we attribute behavior to internal or external causes

A
  • distinctiveness
  • consensus
  • consistency
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13
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • when we attribute another person’s behavior to their personalities
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14
Q

actor/observer bias

A
  • we attribute our own actions to the situation but others to their personalities
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15
Q

self-serving bias

A
  • we attribute our own successes to ourselves but our failures to others
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16
Q

optimism bias

A
  • when we believe that bad things happen to other people but not to ourselves
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17
Q

just world belief

A
  • when we believe that bad things happen to others because of their own actions or failure to act
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18
Q

social learning theory

A
  • learning is a cognitive process that takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observations
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19
Q

looking-glass self

A
  • cooley
  • an individual’s self is shaped by interactions with others and the perception of others
  • shape ourselves based on what others perceive, and in doing so, end up confirming other people’s opinions
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20
Q

role taking

A
  • involves understanding the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view
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21
Q

reference group

A
  • the group that we relate or aspire to relate ourselves to

- standard for evaluating ourselves

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22
Q

social comparison theory

A
  • we all have a drive to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to others
  • our identify will be in some way shaped by the comparisons we make and the types of reference groups we have
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23
Q

impression management

A
  • the conscious or unconscious process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing the perceptions of others
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24
Q

dramaturgical perspective

A
  • we imagine ourselves playing certain roles when interacting with others
  • we base our presentations on cultural values, norms, and expectations with the ultimate goal of presenting an acceptable self to others
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25
Q

front stage

A
  • use impression management to craft the way we come across to people
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26
Q

back stage

A
  • let down our guard and be ourselves
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27
Q

social norms

A
  • explicit or implicit rules specifying acceptable behaviors within a society
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28
Q

folkways

A
  • standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant
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29
Q

mores

A
  • strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
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30
Q

taboo

A
  • norm that is vehemently prohibited because the behavior is considered morally or ethically reprehensible by almost everyone
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31
Q

deviance

A
  • a violation of society’s standards of conduct or expectations
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32
Q

legal sanction

A
  • formal deviance or the violation of legal codes

- results in criminal action by the state

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33
Q

stigmatization

A
  • informal deviance or violation of the unwritten social rules of behavior
  • results in social stigma
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34
Q

preference for one behavior over another

A
  • less degrees of social violation result in preference rather than stigmatization
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35
Q

social facilitation effect

A
  • the presence of others either improves our performance on well-ingrained tasks or hurts our performance on new tasks.
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36
Q

deindividuation

A
  • in situations where there is a high degree of arousal and a low degree of personal responsibility, we may lose our sense of restraint and individual identity in exchange for identifying with mob mentality
37
Q

bystander effect

A
  • we are less likely to help a victim when other people are present
  • we assume someone else will help them
38
Q

social loafing

A
  • when working in a group and each person has a tendency to exert less individual effort than if they were working independently
39
Q

groupthink

A
  • when the desire for harmony results in members attempting to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints
40
Q

mindguarding

A
  • prevent dissenting opinions, information and other facts from permeating the group
41
Q

group polarization

A
  • groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members
  • the average view of a member of the group is accentuated
  • NOT WHEN A GROUP BECOMES MORE DIVIDED ON AN ISSUE
42
Q

conformity

A
  • when you adjust your behavior or thinking based on the behavior or thinking of others
43
Q

who did the conformity experiment?

A
  • Asch
44
Q

Asch’s experiment

A
  • subjects determined which line was similar to a comparison line
  • most got it right
  • put into a room with confederates who picked the wrong line
  • people went with the confederates
45
Q

obedience

A
  • when you yield to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure
46
Q

who did the obedience experiment?

A
  • Milgram
47
Q

Milgram’s experiment

A
  • experimenter orders “teacher” to deliver shock to “learner” for each wrong answer
  • would go higher and higher and kept administering high shocks when told to do so
  • DO NOT CONFUSE TEACHER HERE
48
Q

group

A
  • number of people who identify and interact
49
Q

aggregate

A
  • people who exist in the same space but do not identify or interact
50
Q

category

A
  • shares certain characteristics but does not regularly interact
51
Q

in group

A
  • any group a person belongs to and identifies with
52
Q

out group

A
  • any group a person does not belong to or identify with
53
Q

primary group

A
  • smaller
  • close, personal
  • longer term
  • goal is the relationship
54
Q

secondary group

A
  • larger
  • impersonal and goal-oriented
  • shorter-term
  • to accomplish a specific purpose or perform a specific function
55
Q

social movement

A
  • group action that attempts to promote, resist, or undo a social change
56
Q

globalization

A
  • the process of international integration due to the exchange of viewpoints, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture around the world
57
Q

urbanization

A
  • a decrease in the proportion of the population living in rural areas and an increase in the proportion of the population residing in urban areas
58
Q

three key elements to persuasion

A
  • message characteristics
  • source characteristics - the person giving the message
  • target characteristics - the person receiving the message
59
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A
  • two cognitive routes of persuasion
  • central route
  • peripheral route
60
Q

central route

A
  • people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself
61
Q

peripheral route

A
  • people focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or orator
62
Q

foot-in-the-door technique

A
  • asking for a small request first then a much larger request next
  • after an individual complies with a small request, they are more likely to comply with a larger request
63
Q

door in the face technique

A
  • asking for a large request first, then a much smaller request
64
Q

low-ball technique

A
  • getting someone to agree to something at a low cost
65
Q

ingratiation technique

A
  • gaining compliance by gaining personal approval from an individual
66
Q

norm of reciprocity

A
  • we are more likely to comply with a request from someone who has done us a favor in the past
67
Q

three things that foster attraction

A
  • proximity - like people who are closer to us
  • similarity
  • physical attractiveness
68
Q

mere exposure effect

A
  • we tend to develop a preference for things we’re familiar with
69
Q

physical attractiveness stereotype

A
  • we tend to attribute positive characteristics to people who are physically attractive
  • also called halo effect
70
Q

aggression

A
  • meant to hurt or intimidate others
71
Q

hostile aggression

A
  • accompanied by strong emotions
  • behavior is impulsive, unplanned, or uncontrollable
  • goal: harming the other person
72
Q

instrumental aggression

A
  • behavior is goal oriented, planned, and controlled

- goal: harming the person to obtain something else

73
Q

major factors that influence aggression

A
  • environmental
  • cultural
  • biological
74
Q

harlow experiment

A
  • two mothers - food and cloth
  • baby monkey preferred soft cloth and only went to other mother for food
  • demonstrated social deficits when reintroduced to other monkeys
75
Q

Ainsworth experiment

A
  • strange situation
  • mothers would temporarily leave their toddlers in a playroom with an unfamiliar person
  • studied toddler’s behavior during absence and return
76
Q

securely attached

A
  • happily explore their surroundings while mother is present
  • cry when she leaves
  • easily consoled when she returns
  • have sensitive and responsive caregivers
77
Q

insecurely attached

A
  • have insensitive and inconsistently responsive caregivers
78
Q

ambivalent attachment

A
  • when the mother leaves, toddler cries loudly, and remains upset after return
  • may be inconsolable
  • may cling to other or hit her or push away from her
79
Q

avoidant attachment

A
  • indifference to mother’s absence and return

- physiological data show toddler is experiencing distress

80
Q

person perception

A
  • the different processes that we use to form impressions of others
81
Q

physical cues

A
  • how someone looks influences our impression of them
82
Q

salience

A
  • focus on the most obvious cues and ignore or downplay less obvious ones
83
Q

social categorization

A
  • we categorize people based on social characteristics
84
Q

halo effect

A
  • overall impression of someone impacts our assumptions about that person’s character
85
Q

American bootstrap myth

myth of the American dream

A
  • anyone who works hard enough can “pull themselves up their their own bootstraps”
  • therefore people in lower classes deserve to be poor
86
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A
  • when an individual unknowingly and unintentionally causes something to happen due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to happen
  • or when an individual unwittingly confirms a stereotype about themselves
87
Q

stereotype threat

A
  • when people are in situations where they are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their own social group
88
Q

stereotype boost

A
  • people perform better than they otherwise would have because of exposure to positive stereotypes after their social group

Princeton Psych/Soc (7 decks)

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