Personality, Attitude, and Behavior Flashcards
Big 5 personality traits
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism - most psychopathology
psychoanalytic theory of personality
- Freud
- Erickson
libido
- life instinct drives behaviors focused on pleasure, survival, and avoidance of pain
death instinct
- drives behaviors fueled by unconscious desire to die, hurt oneself, or others
id
- largely unconscious
- responsible for our drives to avoid pain and seek pleasure
ego
- responsible for logical thinking and planning
- attempts to compromise between id and supergo
superego
- responsible for our moral judgements of right and wrong
- strives for perfection
psychosexual stages of development
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
oral
- 0-1
- mouth(sucking, chewing, eating, biting, vocalizing)
- orally agressive: verbal abuse
- orally passive: smoking, overeating
anal
- 1-3
- anus (bowel and bladder control)
- anal retentive: overly neat, tidy
- anal expulsive: disorganized
phallic
- 3-6
- genitals (masturbation)
- penis envy
- Oedipus complex (males) - fall in love with mom. feel competitive with dad
- Electra complex (females) - fall in love with dad. feel competitive with mom.
- fall out of love with opposite sex parent and can identify with same sex parent.
latency
- 6-12
- no sexual feelings
genital
- 12+
- sexual interests mature
- frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships
how Erikson extended Freud’s ideas
- including social and interpersonal factors
- extending the stages through adulthood
Erikson’s stages
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame
- Initiative vs. Guilty
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
Trust vs. mistrust
- infancy
- trust: infant needs met
- mistrust: infant needs not met
autonomy v. shame
- early childhood
- autonomy: children learn self-control
- shame: children remain dependent
initiative v. guilt
- preschool age
- initiative: children achieve purpose
- guilt: children thwarted in efforts
industry v. inferiority
- school age
- industry: children gain competence
- inferiority: children feel incompetent
identity v. role confusion
- adolescence
- identity: adolescence learn sense of self
- RCL adolescence lack own self identity
intimacy v. isolation
- young adulthood
- intimacy: YA develop mature relationships
- isolation: YA unable to create social ties
generativity v. stagnation
- middle age
- generativity: adults contribute to others/society
- stagnation - adults feel life is meaningless
integrity vs. despair
- later life
- integrity: adults develop wisdom
- despair: adults feel unaccomplished
humanist perspective of personality
- Rogers
- humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their own highest potential, and personality conflicts arise when this is somehow thwarted.
self concept influenced by
- unconditional and conditional positive regard
unconditional positive regard
- have the opportunity to achieve self actualization
conditional positive regard
- feel worthy only when they’ve met certain conditions
incongruence
- difference between real self and ideal self
- may cause psychopathology
behaviorist perspective
- BF Skinner
- personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on our environment
- does not take thoughts and feelings into account
- people begin as blank slates and environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personalities
- all behavior is a result of conditioning
social cognitive perspective
- Bandura
- personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
behavioral component
- patterns of behavior learned through classical and operant conditioning
- observational learning
- cognitive component
- mental processes involved in observational learning
- conscious cognitive processes such as self-efficacy beliefs
environmental component
- situational influences such as rewards, opportunities, and punishments.
trait perspective
- personality is a result of traits, which are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that are relatively stable over time
cardinal traits
- dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits
central traits
- the general characteristics that form the basic foundation of personality
secondary traits
- traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances
biological perspective
- Eysenck
- personality is a result of individual differences in brain biology
Eysenck’s theories
- personality traits are hierarchical with a few basic traits giving rise to a large array
- genetically determined differences determine personality traits
- variations in extraversion and neuroticism give rise to different types of personality
behavioral genetics
- a field in which variation among individuals is separated into genetic versus environmental components
- nature vs. nurture
shared environment
- environment shared by siblings reared in the same family
nonshared (unique) environment
- the environment unique to the individual
heritability
- a metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences
epigenetic differences
- translational changes in DNA sequences that are triggered by altering DNA sequences
- caused by environment or development
- result in phenotypic differences
attitude
- our evaluation of other people, events, etc
- formed from our past experiences and are measurable and changeable
- have an important impact on our emotions and behaviors
components of attitude
- Affect - our feelings
- Behavior - our internal and external responses
- Cognition - our thoughts and beliefs
situations in which attitude better predicts behavior
- social influences are reduced - behavior susceptible to social influences
- general patterns of behavior, not specific, are observed
- specific attitudes, rather than general, are considered
- self reflection occurs
situations in which behaviors are more likely to influence attitude
- role playing - Zambardo experiment
- public declarations
- justification of effort
principle of aggregation
- attitude affects a person’s aggregate or average behavior, not each isolated act.
cognitive dissonance
- we feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs to that are incompatible, or when our attitudes and behaviors don’t match.
- to reduce this, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we’ve done
components of emotion
- physiological (bodily) - physiological arousal or excited state
- behavioral (action) - expressive behaviors that accompany the emotion
- cognitive (mental) - appraisal and interpretation of the situation
universal emotions
- expressed across all cultures by all humans
- happy
- sad
- fear
- anger
- disgust
- surprise
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- relationship between performance and arousal
- inverted U
- for most people in most tasks, the best arousal is a medium level
how is emotion adaptive?
- enhances survival by promoting quick decisions
- promotes group cohesion and solidarity
- helps in decision making on a daily basis
James-Lange theory of emotion
- physiological arousal causes emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
- emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously and independently
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
- emotion determined by arousal and context
- cognitive interpretation
thalamus
- sensory relay station from senses except smell
hypothalamus
- motivated behaviors
- hunger
- thirst
frontal lobe
- executive functions
- regulation of emotions
- decision making
olfactory bulb
- processes smell
amygdala
- fear
hippocampus
- memory consolidation
- short term memory to long term memory
motivation
- the driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways
instincts
- behaviors that are unlearned and are present in fixed patterns throughout a species
drives
- urges originating from a physiological discomfort
needs
- includes basic and higher-order needs
arousal
- even when a person’s needs have already been met
drive-reduction theory
- a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by engaging in some behavior
- similar to a negative feedback loop
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- love and belonging
- esteem needs
- self-actualization
- not all needs are created equal and some take priority over others
- if the needs at the bottom are met, then we will seek higher needs.
