Social structure Flashcards

Question

what is an egalitarian family?

Answer 1

a family in which the mom and dad have equal authority. Patriarchy is male dominant and matriarchy is woman dominant.

Answer 2

educational segregation is the widening disparity between children from rich families and children from less wealthy families.

Answer 3

A social arrangement (such as living in different area's, coming from parents with different levels of involvement, etc.) that becomes entrenched (stuck) in educational segregation in which the educational aspirations of offspring mirror that of their parents educational stratification explains that the education system has an effect on the poverty cycle.

Answer 4

An Ecclesia religion is a dominant religion that contains most members of society. Additionally it is often highly integrated into political institutions. You do not choose to enter the religion but rather are always born into it. Ecclesia are considered the national religion such as islam in Iran.

Answer 5

The Church is a religion that is well-integrated into a large part of society and can be tied to politics (state church) but is not always. you can be born into this or choose to join.

Answer 6

The sect is the less integrated religion in society which falls beneath the church. Again, you can be born into this or choose to join.

Answer 7

religious organizations that are well outside the realm of societal norms

Answer 8

secularization is the process of a state loosing its religious social significance in replace for more rational thinking due to modernization

Answer 9

fundamentalism explains during modernization there is a strong attachment to religion (therefore it is preserved) both fundamentalism and secularization occur in different groups.

Answer 10

different means to derive power rational-legal --> acquire power through documentation and rule regulation traditional --> through set customs and traditions charismatic --> through persuasion and social influence

Answer 11

Aristocratic --> ruled by an elite few elected due to specific qualifications autocratic --> ruled by one person (dictator) or an elite few (fascism) with complete decision power

Answer 12

planned - everything state owned or mostly everything state owned market - everything private, supply and demand governs it mixed - public and private sectors traditional - concerns itself with social customs. bartering is often in it.

Answer 13

Capitalism is an economy in which most things are privately owned and run. There is little government intervention. it allows for market competition. welfare capitalism and state capitalism include capitalist ideas with some socialist aspects Socialism is the idea that the government intervenes a lot and serves to meet peoples needs. Things are produced for profit but rather for direct use and needs. Communism is an extreme form of socialism in which nothing is privately owned (much like planned aka command economy)

Answer 14

the concept that people within a community have different roles to aid in survival / productivity of that community. Division of labour increases interdependence but increases social segregation

Answer 15

mechanical solidarity --> the idea that people share a collective conscience. Individuals have common beliefs and everyone experiences the same fundamental expeirence organic --> division of labour whereby everyone experiences their own experience.

Answer 16

this model emphasizes physical or medical factors as being the cause of disease. This concept uses empirical scientific evidence to expose underlying causes of disease.

Answer 17

medicalization

Answer 18

The medical model concerns itself with physical reason for disease whereas the social model of disease concerns itself with how social factors such as work place stress, economic stress, social relationships etc. can expose somebody or predispose them to acquiring a disease. the social model considers risk factors that increase disease and not so much what literally causes it. stomach ulcer is caused by a bacterium - medical stomach ulcers are more prevalent when highly stressed - social

Answer 19

an area / region where there is no access to healthy fresh food. This is typically of area's with no proper grocery stores in place. This leads to investment of fast food and increased calorie intake

Answer 20

the sick role explains that someone who is ill cannot continue to be a functional member of society. In this role people shall not attribute the persons illness to the fault of the sick person. (can't blame them) Additionally the sick person must try their best to get well fast.

Answer 21

some people can be blamed for their illness --> people with liver cirrhosis (alcohol overload) people with chronic disease cannot get well asap as the sick role implies. Additionally, although they are hindered the must continue to be functional members of society.

Answer 22

in contrast to the sick role which considers the persons illness and how it effects society, illness experience considers the subjective view of the ill person and how the illness affects them. it evaluates the illnesses affects on the persons daily life and the individuals understanding of the illness they have.

Answer 23

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that people understand the world through their language and therefore their language shapes how we experience the world.

Answer 24

pop culture --> features of a culture that are liked by the masses and are often spread through mass media. high culture --> cultural items that are only used by the elite such as watching the opera or attending fancy balls.

Answer 25

signs that represent the meaning of a culture such as the cross for christianity. (members of the culture agree the artifact resembles their culture)

Answer 26

Values --> what defines whats good and whats bad in society. Values often define behaviour and explain deviance. beliefs --> principles people uphold in society

Answer 27

when aspects of a culture transfer from one social group to another. This is why different societies have cultural similarities. this can be within one culture or between cultures.

Answer 28

the ability to understand and communicate effectively across cultures

Answer 29

the passing of information from generation to generation much like socialization

Answer 30

when their is innovation within a society which takes a while for the culture to adapt too. For example medical advances that take years for a culture to accept. most often it is technological advances that experience cultural lag.

Answer 31

transition shock is when an individual undergoes change that requires a period of adjustment and acclimatization. cultural shock is the same thing but when the disorientation arises from an individual being subject to alternative cultures. E.g. being homesick is a minor feeling of cultural shock when you are away for a while.

Answer 32

the total amount of people (greatest population) the city can sustain without having too many negative consequences. Typically populations find their population equilibrium

Answer 33

cultural pyramids are graphs which relate the amount of people in a population according to their age and sex. A thick base and thin apex imply high birth and high death rates.

Answer 34

CBR - total births per year per 1000 ppl CDR - total deaths per year per 1000 ppl rate of population change CBR - CDR

Answer 35

the ability for a woman to produce a child

Answer 36

general fertility rate - the amount of births per 1000 woman (note CBR is per 1000 people) total fertility rate - total number of births per single woman in a population replacement fertility rate - the amount of births per year to maintain the population

Answer 37

population-lag effect explains that even when there is changes in total fertility rate (births per single woman) are not reflected in birth rates for a long time (e.g. if total fertility rate dropped from 2.8 to 2, birth rate crude birth rate wont notice this for a while) population momentum: during high fertility rates many children are born. Even if massive reductions to fertility rate occurred, this wont be noticed for a long time due to the sheer number of kids reproducing themselves due to the high fertility rate originally.

Answer 38

mortality is either the occurrence of death or the rate of death in a population (depending on context) morbidity is the extent of disease in a population

Answer 39

prevalence rates are referring to the amount of people with a disease incidence rate is the amount of new cases of disease. (e.g. prevalence may be 50% of population but due to a very good vaccine the incidence rate is now 0.01%)

Answer 40

IMR - amount of infant deaths (less than 1 year) per 1000 infants life expectancy - age you are expected to live to based on location

Answer 41

external - move from one nation to another nation internal - move from a region to another in a country voluntary - personal decision to move involuntary - forced to move via outside factors

Answer 42

when people leave rural areas to go to urban / industrialized area's.

Answer 43

Urban sprawl is when people leave urban area's to go to rural ones. The people to leave are often living in less functioning area's of the urbanized region (city). these less functioning area's naturally degrade and become poorer sketchier areas in a process called urban blight

Answer 44

gentrification is process when urban areas are renovated often due to wealthier individuals re-modeling blighted areas.

Answer 45

TD is when less developed placed become more developed which causes overall high birth and death rates to drop down to overall low birth and death rates

Answer 46

the theory that the rate of population growth will exceed the rate of resource increase Neo-malthusianism is the movement to enforce population control so that limited resources and negative consequences don't occur.

Answer 47

positive check --> something that increases death rate such as disease preventative check --> something that decreases birth rate like birth control

Answer 48

false, a minority is simply a disparate group of people who do not exhibit dominance in society. e.g. woman are considered minorities in some contexts although they make up 52% of the U.S. ``

Answer 49

when a society has a disproportionate amount of elders

Answer 50

milestones to do with age. For e.g. age to drive, drink, etc.

Answer 51

gender roles are expectations for males and females within society that often become internalized into who we are as people. When we express these roles it is called gender expression

Answer 52

when someone has a contradicting sex and gender.

Answer 53

when social structures enforce the separation of genders. e.g. single sex schools or bathrooms

Answer 54

when a dominant group places a label on a race or ethnicity often leading to the group internalizing the label.

Answer 55

pansexuality --> attracted to anyone regardless of their gender or sex asexuality --> not attracted to anyone

Answer 56

globalization in simple terms is the spread of idea's through-out the world. It is also the process of increased interdependence of societies between people across the world.

Answer 57

This is a form of globalization in which the division of labour becomes international. Different countries rely on each other for different things. (trade)

Answer 58

another form of globalization in which the organization has many headquarters and is not affiliated with a government. They work to help mitigate world issues.

Answer 59

the spread of idea's and cultures can lead to some countries dropping some cultural norms in exchange for new ones.

Answer 60

civil unrest --> the masses are unhappy about something and may collectively behave against it. (e.g. protests) terrorism --> random acts of violence for the intention to create fear in a region.

Answer 61

people take action for social change in order to acquire something that other people have and they feel that they should have too. relative deprivation explains the feeling of being entitled to more than one has in their current situation.

Answer 62

true, pro-life vs. pro-choice for abortion

Answer 63

A stratification is a classification system that separates people based on certain characteristics (race, education, wealth, etc.). Stratifications not only separate this groups and make them distinct but they also reinforce the separation.

Answer 64

The caste system is a closed stratification system in which people can do nothing about the category they are born into The class system defines people by their wealth, income, etc. but also permits free movement throughout the system. This is the idea of the american dream. (work your way up) The meritocracy system is a system that completely considers effort (merit) to establish social standing. This does not exists by itself although it is considered ideal.

Answer 65

1. power - ability to get people to do things 2. property - assets 3. prestige - reputation in society

Answer 66

social mobility is the ability to move within a stratification system (as long as its not a caste system) intergeneration - when offspring enter a different class then parents intrageneration - difference in social class between two people within a generation (such as siblings)

Answer 67

class consciousness is when an individual is actively aware of the stratification class he/she is in. false consciousness is when someone is ignorant to the class they are in often b/c they have to strong a belief in meritocracy (that their efforts will be rewarded)

Answer 68

social reproduction refers to the social structures in place that reinforce the stratification that is in a society. i.e. these structures reinforce inequality from one gen. to the next.

Answer 69

cultural capital refers to non-financial structures that promote social mobility. Education is a non-financial means to possibly find upward mobility. However due to educational segregation and stratification often education leads to children staying in the same class as their parents. social capital refers to the ability to network to promote your SES. This promotes inequality (social reproduction) since people with connections are more likely to "get the job"

Answer 70

some people have privileged identities (unearned benefits one receives which was not in their control) while others have disadvantaged abilities (heterosexual for non-heterosexual) a heterosexual does not have to state that he is the dad since this is clear. For a homosexual, one partner may claim to be something outside of societal norms which makes them seem disadvantaged (due to the fact that they had to clarify) intersectionality explains the intersections of a persons identity evaluating privileges and disadvantages. For example a black lesbian is not understood for her blackness or for her lesbian orientation, the intersection of both must be understood.

Answer 71

the study of the distribution of disease and healthcare and the social patterns that are tied to these.

Answer 72

relative - when an individual cannot meet the standard or living in his / her society absolute - when an individual fails to meet basic human needs (food, water, shelter, reliable healthcare)

Answer 73

differences in health care information and treatment and presence of disease in different social groups.

Answer 74

due to health care disparities in testing medical advances (which was primarily done on men and translated to women) medical efforts differ when treating woman vs. men. e.g. drug dosage is tested in men and has reportedly been wrongly calculated to translate to woman who experience side-effects more strongly.

Answer 75

the belief that all people equal and deserve equal rights.

Answer 76

a fear of people from other countries

Answer 77

chronic, non-urgent, negative-value stressors such as pollution and noise

Answer 78

a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. They exhibit problems in social interaction as well as exhibit repetitive patterns of behaviour

Answer 79

inductive reasoning --> start with data or specific observation and make generalizations. Often the observation of pattern leads to a generalization deductive reasoning --> start with broader idea's, have a hypothesis, and work down to specifics by testing the hypothesis. More fact based rather than pattern of events.

Answer 80

using two propositions to make an assertion. 1. all men are animals 2. some animals are aggressive Therefore some men are aggressive this is an incorrect way of thinking

Answer 81

a range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural difficulties due to an injury to the frontal lobe which affects "executive functions"

Answer 82

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that occursi n someones mind which relies on immediate examples that come to the mind. E.g. When answering a question the first thing to pop into your mind is the AH representativeness heuristic is a fallacy in which people predict the probability of an event occurring based on past experience. Predicting a coin will be tails since its been head three times in a row and "must balance out"

Answer 83

tendency to believe new info supports your own belief as conformation.

Answer 84

when someone fails to reject a false hypothesis a type 1 error is too reject a correct hypothesis

Answer 85

independent: aka experiment / predictor variable is the variable that may be manipulated to observe the effects of the dependent variable (outcome variable)

Answer 86

participant - variables related to specific subjects which may alter their response in a given study confounding - something that may effect both the independent and dependent variables

Answer 87

Christianity then islam

Social structure Flashcards

(116 cards)