Endocrine 2.0 (peptide vs. steroid)

Question 1

peptide vs. steroid:

structure?

Answer 1

peptide = hydrophillic

steroid = hyrdophobic

Question 2

peptide vs. steroid:

site of synthesis

Answer 2

peptide = rough ER

steroid = smooth ER

Question 3

peptide vs. steroid:

regulation of release (i.e. storage and exit)

Answer 3

peptide = stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis

steroid = made when needed and diffused

Question 4

peptide vs. steroid:

transport in blood

Answer 4

peptides = free not bound to anything

steroids = on plasma proteins such as albumin (note: when bound they are not biologically active)

Question 5

peptide vs. steroid:

mechanism of effects

Answer 5

peptides = binds plasma receptor which initiates a 2nd messenger system (ca++ or cAMP). These effects alter already made enzyme activity

steroid = binds a cytoplasmic receptor effecting transcription / gene expression

Question 6

peptide vs. steroid:

timing of effects

Answer 6

peptide: fast but short lived
steroid: slow but long lasting

Question 7

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

Hypothalamic hormones (TRH, CRH, PRH, GnRH, GHRH/GHIH)

Answer 7

all effect the anterior pituitary by trophic means.

they are all peptide hormones.

Question 8

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

anterior pituitary hormones (TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH/LH, GH)

Answer 8

variety of effects. They are all peptide hormones

Question 9

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

posterior pituitary (ADH aka vasopressin and Oxytocin)

Answer 9

both peptide hormones

Question 10

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

thyroid hormone

Answer 10

steroid hormone released by the thyroid. necessary for physical and neurological development and proper metabolic rate

Question 11

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

calcitonin

Answer 11

released from C cells of the thyroid gland. This tries to decrease the amount of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts and kidney reabsorption of calcium.

it is a peptide

Question 12

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

PTH

Answer 12

increases calcium by stimualting osteoclasts and promoting the kidneys to convert vitamin D to calcitrol which increases the absorption of calcium by the gut

it is a peptide

Question 13

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

thymosin (released by thymus)

Answer 13

Thymosin is only produced in kids which is for T cell development

it is a peptide

Question 14

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

epinephrine

Answer 14

released by the adrenal medulla, it is an amino acid derived hormone! has rapid effects in stress responses.

Question 15

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones)

Answer 15

cortisol –> steroid, mobilizes energy sources, increases metabolic rate. (glucocorticoid)

aldosterone –> steroid, it increases sodium reabsorption by the collecting duct and distal tubule

sex steroids –> steroids, adrenal cortex tumour can over produce these. Also 21-hydroxy deficiency causes cortisol and aldosterone to drop and these to be overproduced

Question 16

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Answer 16

alpha cells –> peptide glucagon which increases blood glucose

beta cells –> peptide insulin which decreases blood G

delta cells —> peptide somatostatin which inhibits GI process and growth,

Question 17

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

testosterone from testes
estrogen / progesterone from ovaries / placenta

Answer 17

ALL steroids

Question 18

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Answer 18

peptide hormone that responds to atrial stretching.

it promotes the kidney to secrete sodium

Question 19

List the hormones release organ and cell, its target cell, the effects it induces, and whether it is peptide, steroid, or amino acid derived:

erythropoietin

Answer 19

produced by kidneys and is responsible for hematopoiesis in red bone marrow.

peptide