quick af chapter 4 Flashcards
Donald broadbent and Anne Triesmans had models for?
Both for selective attention
Broadbent - selective filter (degrades some inputs)
Triesmans - attentuation filter (turns volume down of some inputs)
divided attention: resource model of attention?
we have limited resources for attention. If tasks overwhelm these we cannot perform them at the same time.
Alan Baddely’s model of divided attention?
he explained the phenological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, central executive and working memory.
jean piaget: sensorimotor stage?
age 0 - 2 kids are in the sensorimotor stage of development. At this time kids view the world only through their senses. They acquire object permanence and sometimes stranger anxiety during this time.
jean piaget: pre-operational stage?
ages 2-7 the child now learns that things can be represented through the use of symbols. These kids are still egocentric (i.e. that cannot view the world from other peoples perspective). They are NOT LOGICAL yet but they do develop language here.
jean piaget: concrete operational stage?
ages 7 - 11, the child now has some logical thinking and understands the law of conservation.
jean piaget: formal operational stage
age 12 and on they develop abstract thought and moral reasoning.
what is fixation and functional fixedness?
fixation - inability to see problems with an open mind set. (determined that the same solution fixes problem A and B)
functional fixedness - inability to see objects for more then there sole use
(not realizing a key can open a taped envelope)
when somebody is tired but still awake what waves are in their head?
alpha waves
stage 1 of sleep: What occurs in terms of
EEG (waves) –>
EOG (eyes)
EMG (muscle)
stage one of sleep includes theta waves, slow eye movement, and no muscle movement
stage 2 of sleep: What occurs in terms of
EEG (waves) –>
EOG (eyes)
EMG (muscle)
still experience theta waves. Now in stage 2 sleep you get the odd K complex (big wave) and sleep spindles (high frequency bundle)
little eye movement and muscle movenment
stage 3/4 of sleep: What occurs in terms of
EEG (waves) –>
EOG (eyes)
EMG (muscle)
slow wave - delta wave sleep
no eye movement, moderate muscle movement
REM sleep: What occurs in terms of
EEG (waves) –>
EOG (eyes)
EMG (muscle)
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Dreams occur here.
this cycle of stages + REM cycles every 1.5 hours
what waves are in REM sleep? What is significant about them>
Beta waves which are very similar to awake waves
when is the lowest level of consciousness in sleep?
stage 3/4
pineal gland secretes what? What it do?
melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland which causes us to become sleepy.
note darkness (absence of light) stimulates this release.
bright light inhibits the pineal gland.
what is activation synthesis theory of sleep?
idea that dreams are just a byproduct of the brains activation during REM sleep. (activation - synthesis (of dreams))
therefore activation synthesis theory is also the idea that dreams have no effect / reason to occur
Freud believed dreams displayed (i.e. where the manifest content) latent content of our consciousness (things deep in that we think but never express)
somnabulism is?
sleep walking
what are the two theories of hypnosis?
- dissociation theory –> hypnosis makes the body go into autopilot and the hypnotic voice gets executive control.
- social influence theory –> people unconsciously fake it
what are depressants? examples?
depressants slow down the nervous system
alcohol and opiates (morphine) slow down NS
what are stimulants? examples?
speed up body function and enhance NS
cocaine and caffeine.
what are hallucinogens? examples?
psychadelics cause distorted perceptions or even fake perceptions
LSD, Weed, Heroine
what is physical vs. psychological drug dependence?
physical - need it due to physical pain (with drawl)
psychological - need it to mitigate painful emotion
what are the 6 universal emotions
- happy
- sad
- angry
- surprised
- disgust
- fear
yerkes dodson law?
people are most productive when moderately aroused.
theories of emotion: James - Lange
James - Lange propose that emotion is purely a result of physiological arousal.
this assumes that each emotion arises from distinct physiological states but some emotions bring up very similar states (like initially fear and surprise)
theories of emotion: Cannon - Bard
Cannon - Bard proposed that after a physical arousal / stimuli the physiological response and the cognitive response occur simultaneously and independently
One does not cause the other
theories of emotion: Schachter - Singer
Schachter proposed the idea that some stimulus does create physiological arousal and then we use cognition to interpret in and this causes emotion
what is appraisal?
a persons interpretation of a stressful event
catastrophe - appraised by most people as dangerous stressors that induce effects for years
life changing - perceived as stressful for those involved
daily hassles
what is biofeedback?
the recording and feeding back of subtle ANS responses to control these responses.
learning to control involuntary responses. Such as controlling breathing
this is a stress reduction technique.
behaviourists believe language is?
just a form of learned behaviour. They believe environmental factors are more important than mental ones.
they have an empiricist approach: supports the theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses.
nativists believe language is?
nativists believe language is a pre wired thing. Not everything is learned thru experience.
What did Noam Chomsky think of language?
he argued that humans have an innate feature which allows us to learn language. This feature is called the universal grammer.
since languages have many similarities, we must have it innately
linguistic relativity theory?
the language you speak affects your cognition and perception. (Sapir- Whorf hypothesis is similar)
what is the availability heuristic?
when we make decisions about something based on the examples that are most available in our mind.
we hear basketball player and we think of MJ
what is the representativeness heuristic?
making generalizations about life aspects which you later rely on for decisions.
if two postal office people are rude to you - you assume they are going to be rude next time
what is belief bias an belief perseverance?
belief bias is the idea that we tend to accept conclusions that fit with our beliefs and reject ones that don’t.
belief perseverance explains that once a belief is concrete with someone, they cling to it despite contrary evidence
what is assimilation and accomadation according to Jean Piaget?
we live according to our own schema’s (beliefs)
when something occurs that does not align with out schema’s we..
- assimilate: we conform the experience to fit with in our beliefs
or - accommodate: we alter our schema to accommodate the new experience.
what stage of sleep is also called paradoxical sleep?
REM sleep since their is no motor activity here. Note, REM sleep is very similar to being awake according to the EEG.
what is a dyssomnia and a parasomnia?
dyssomnia - problems with quality and quantity of sleep
- narcolepsy, insomnia, and apnea
parasomnia - problems with sleep behaviour
- night terrors and somnambulism
what is the prefrontal cortex important for? who was Phineas Gage?
the prefrontal cortex is important for emotional experiences and decision making. the prefrontal cortex inhibits impulsive behaviour, helps organize things, etc.
Phinea Gage was a man who got pierced with a railroad stick in the prefrontal cortex –> affected his personality.
what is learned helplessness?
when someone undergoes a stressful situation that seems out of their control, they develop the belief that they should do nothing about it because they cannot affect the outcome.
BF Skinners behaviourist approach to language states that language acquisition occurs ….
language acquisition occurs through operant conditioning (learning through experience with rewards and punishments).
since language is just behaviour, it can be learned through conditioning
what is the universal grammar?
Noam Chomsky argued that language must be partly innate. we all possess an ability to learn language. this innate feature is called the universal grammar
what is the Broca’s area? What is Broca’s aphasia?
The Broca’s area within the brains frontal lobe is responsible for speech.
damage to this area elicits an inability to make sentences –> Broca’s aphasia aka expressive aphasia
they know what they want to say but cannot say it
what is the Wernicke’s area? what is Wernicke’s aphasia?
Wernicke’s area –> located in the temporal lobe, needed for comprehension of speech and written language
Wernicke’s aphasia –> receptive aphasia
speech has normal flow and syntax but makes no sense.
resource model of attention –> explain what affects this (3)
we have limited resources to divide our attention
- tasks that are similar are hard to do at the same time (talk and listen vs. talk and run)
- tasks that are harder require more attention (resources)
- tasks that have been practiced require less resources
what is conformation bias?
tendency to only search and listen to information that will confirm what we already think is true
