chapter 7 - Identity Flashcards
What is the difference between self-concept / self-identity and self-consciousness
self-concept - is a persons understanding of who they are build around their own self-schema’s (their own beliefs of who they are as a person)
self-consciousness is a persons awareness of themselves
explain personal identity vs. social identity
It is easiest to think of this as identity traits viewed from an outside perspective
if person X is funny, pretty, white, and is sensitive,
X’s personal identity is that they are funny and sensitive (things outsiders don’t see)
X’ social identity is that they are pretty and white
What is the ADRESSING framework of identity? Explain each word in this acronym
Age Disability status Religion Ethnicity / race Sex Social status Indigenous background Nationality Gender
this is considered the social aspects of ones identity
What is the self reference effect of identity?
It is much easier to remember something (consolidate it) if is it relatable to our self concept. If something contradicts our self concept, we tend to forget it or make excuses for it.
self concept = intelligent
test score = bad
we choose to say the test was unfairly written
Carl Rogers. What is he famous for?
the humanistic approach to personality
Carl rogers explained the ideal self and the real self. what are they?
The ideal self is who we aspire to be, it is based on experience and expectation
the real self is who we actually are.
the more these align, the more positive our self concepts are.
explain why Carl rogers states that often real self falls short of ideal self leading to.. incongruity
the emotional result that is caused by mental contradiction
what is self-efficacy?
the belief in ones own ability / competence / effectiveness
essentially self-efficacy is confidence in ones self for a given task
what are external and internal loci of control?
internal locus of control –> this person believes things happen by their own hands. They believe they are able to influence outcome through effort and action
external locus of control –> this person believes that outcomes are a result of outside forces and that they have less control over situations.
explain learned helplessness
learned helplessness is an extreme sense of external locus of control.
When someone is placed in a situation where they have no control they learn to not take action due to the belief that no action will change the outcome
after, even in situations where escape is possible, they “learn” to not take action
what is self-esteem?
self esteem is ones self-evaluation of ones self-worth. it is essentially ones overall confidence as a person
(whereas self-efficacy is confidence in a task / belief in ones effectiveness)
Charles Cooley developed the looking-glass self theory. Explain this.
a persons sense of self develops from social interaction and the persons self concept is influenced by the persons understanding on how others perceive them. (live up to expectations)
George Mead explained social behaviourism?
the mind and the self emerge through the process of social communication.
What is mead’s idea of the “generalized other”
when a person tries to imagine themselves in the perspective of society (generalized other)
what is socialization?
when a person learns to become a proficient and functional member of society.
what is a feral child?
a child who grew up with little human contact and care. since socialization allows cultures to pass down tradition, a child missing this due to being “feral” can be very alienated
Explain formal norms informal norms mores folkways taboo's
give an example of each
formal norms –> a written norm which are typically laws. they are precisely defined and penalties are given if broken
informal norms –> these are unwritten rules that don’t always result in penalty. e.g. purposely fouling someone in a sport
mores –> highly precious values to society which are strictly enforced. e.g. it is not acceptable to abuse drugs
folkways –> parts of everyday life such as the clothes you wear. Folkways shape behaviour
taboo’s –> highly regarded as a negative toward society. very frowned upon: murder, cannibalism, etc.
J walking would be considered a folkway since it is a formal norm that is not enforced.
what are sanctions?
sanctions are rewards and punishments given out when people abide by or break norms.
What is an anomie?
In a society, if social guidelines are not formally set and their is ambiguity, anomie results. This is a state of normlessness.
Anomie suggests discrepancies between social value and personal success of individuals.
what is deviance?
deviance is any behaviour that contradicts formal or non-formal norms
the difference between normal behaviour and deviant behaviour is upheld by formal and informal punishment (court hearings and embarrassment / shame)
deviance, What is differential association
This is a theory that explains that deviant behaviour is just like learned behaviour. If someone is exposed to an environment that promotes deviance, they too will become deviant.
someone will become deviant if their social group that has a positive attitude toward deviance outweighs the social group with a negative attitude towards it.
deviance, explain Labelling theory.
deviance is a result of society’s response to a person rather than something inherent to that person.
giving someone a negative label can cause them to follow through with that label.
what are agents of social control? (Deviance)
people with more power within society (politicians, lawyers, etc.) have more control over social norms.
As a result, they can define deviant vs. non-deviant behaviour. E.g. the upper class saying the middle class is less motivated for economic success.
explain the structural strain theory of deviance
a form of anomie is when social goals are defined and understood but structural and institutional ways of obtaining those goals are mismatched and complicated. This places people under strain / pressure to perform deviant behaviour in order to prevent failure and possibly obtain those goals.
if there is no mismatch between social goals and means to obtain them, deviance is not expected.
in general, what is collective behaviour?
the actions of people operating in a collective group. It is typically a short lived.
collective behaviour differs from group behaviour. Collective behaviour occurs in situations where norms for that situation are absent or unclear. therefore, collective behaviour is more of a transient behaviour of a group where individual moral judgment is replaced for a sense of group.
e.g. live strong wristband movement or a mob
Herbert Blumer explained 4 kinds of collective behaviour.
explain a “crowd”
A crowd is a group of people who share a purpose. It often, but not always, involves non-permanent moments of irrational thinking
there are many forms of crowds such as conventional crowds who gather for a planned event.
in terms of crowds, what is panic and mobs?
panic –> a state in which one experiences so much fear it governs their thoughts and decisions
mob –> a mob is an extreme form of a crowd in which heightened emotion and behaviour often leads to aggressive action
Herbert Blumer explained 4 kinds of collective behaviour.
explain a “public”
a public is a form of collective behaviour in which a group of people discuss a specific topic/issue. the public begins when the conversation begins and ceases when the convo ends.
Herbert Blumer explained 4 kinds of collective behaviour.
explain a “Mass”
a mass is a group of people who have come together by means of mass media. Often there is little specific interaction but the individuals have common interests.
Herbert Blumer explained 4 kinds of collective behaviour.
explain Social movements (2 forms)
social movements are people acting to promote change
An active movement is one in which the people desire social change (can lead to a mob if behaviour becomes heightened)
An expressive movement is on in which the people desire individual change (AA meetings)
what is a fad / craze? What is a trend?
A fad / craze is short lived popular social aspect.
- the aspect experiences rapid gain in reputation
- majority of population loves it for a brief period
- Rapid decline in reputation
a trend is a longer term event which can leave lasting impact (e.g. the hippie movement)
what is mass hysteria?
when people in a mass loose rational and logical thinking due to an exterior threat such as disease. Mass hysteria is essentially heightened emotion and distress within a group.
What are outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics?
the spread of disease outbreaks being the most local and pandemics being the most widespread.
mass hysteria is caused by outbreaks, etc.
What form of collective behaviour is a riot?
crowd behaviour. (similar to a mob)
What are agents of socialization?
different aspects of life which shape an individuals purpose and shapes that regions culture.
e.g. family, school, friends, government, etc.
explain assimilation vs. amalgamation vs. multiculturalism (aka pluralism)
assimilation –> minority cultures change their ways to fit into a larger dominant culture
A + B + C –> A
Amalgamation –> all cultures combine to form a unique culture A + B + C –> D
Multiculturalism –> all cultures live in harmony but remain distinct
A + B –> A + B
what is a sub-culture?
a group of people who practice specific behaviours and activities that is not widespread throughout all culture.
e.g. bike enthusiasts, poker players, etc.
Kohlberg developed a heirarchy of moral development called Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.
There are 3 levels with 2 stages in each (6 stages).
Explain Level 1
Level 1 = pre-conventional level
stage 1: obedience vs. punishment. Individuals focus on direct consequences on themselves of their actions
stage 2: self-interest. People focus on behaviour that most positively affects themselves
Kohlberg developed a heirarchy of moral development called Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.
There are 3 levels with 2 stages in each (6 stages).
Explain Level 2
level 2 = conventional level
stage 3: interpersonal accord. People focus on living up to expectation of others. They account for how people feel about their own actions.
stage 4: authority and social order. People feel the need to uphold and abide by laws and rules.
most people remain at this stage
Kohlberg developed a heirarchy of moral development called Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.
There are 3 levels with 2 stages in each (6 stages).
Explain Level 3
level 3 = post-conventional level
stage 5: social contract stage. People believe laws are social contracts subject to change if they do not align with general welfare.
stage 6: Universal ethics: Laws are only valid if they are grounded by justice. This is an abstract level.
