Social Stratification 〽️ Flashcards
What are the three types of social stratification?
Feudalism
Caste system
Apartheid
What is feudalism?
Labels where given - seen as good given ascribed status social mobility was unthinkable.
Eg pedants at bottom , king at top
What is the caste system?
Ascribed status in traditional India eg Dalits - untouchables- social outcasts Hindi’s believe that they will be reborn into a higher status if they have been good in their life
What is apartheid?
Segregation of black and white eg South Africa effect access to healthcare education Black people denied citizen rights little social mobility
What is a ascribed status?
Status stated at birth- isn’t changes
What is achieved status ?
Status that can be improved due to the merit or personal talent eg promotions at work
What is social hierarchy ?
Less people rich and in power
More not
What is wealth?
How much you own eg assets
What are the three things that effect inequality within society?
Wealth
Income
Power
What is power?
The ability of getting what you want when you want despite opposition from others
What is social mobility
The ability of individuals to improve and gain a higher social class
What are the % of Classes
40% is middle
50% is working
10% is upper
What do Marxists approach social class as?
Key division of society
What did David and Moore view social stratification as?
Vital for society as it fills the criteria needed
How did David and Moore argue that social stratification was vital?
Inequality lead to a divison of Class
This lead to people lacking opportunities for higher jobs
So they can fill in the low jobs that help society function like a bin man
Why does David and Moore argue that high levels jobs have high pay?
They give a high status and social scale and the high salary makes sure that the right people are attracted eg. Educated
Ensures that these places a filled by the most talented individuals in society
How does David and Moore argue that society will always have inequality?
All societies treat people differently due to they social status leading to all societies having a degree of inequality embedded in to it
But this is functional as people view this a fair
What are the criticisms of Davis and Moore?
Some vital jobs have the lowers pay - bin man
Pay may be linked to power rather than income
What are the 2 main social classes Marxists identified
Proletariats and bourgeoisie
What were the two main classes that Marxists identified determined by ? Why?
Economical factors - ownership and non- ownership of the means of production
Bourgeoisie had ownership of wealth and property That gets passes on to future generations whereas proletariats were forced to sell their labour in order to earn and survive
What did the proletariats experience within the capitalist society?
Alienation as they lacked control over the means of production and products of their labour
What are the other classes that Karl Marx found ?
Petty bourgeoisie- owners of small businesses
Lumpenproletariats - social drop outs and criminals
What issue did Marxist view led to class conflict and struggle?
Bourgeoisies wanting more profits whereas proletariats want higher pay
Lead to bourgeoisie exploiting proletariats
What did Marxists highlight?
Link between social class and power
Power lead to political power that the bourgeoisie use for their own interests - lead to RULING CLASS IDEOLOGY - values of having a free market to disguise 🥸 exploitation and repression of proletariats - lead to false class consciousness
Lead to proletariats not being aware of exploitation
What do Marxists believe the bourgeoisie to shrink in size may lead to ?
Them getting more powerful and richer
Increase competition leading to petty bourgeoisies to fall under proletariats
Lead to proletariats getting bigger and poorer
What did Marxist argue about the increase of proletariats and them getting poorer lead to?
Them gaining a social conscious of their exploitation and rebelling leading to a revolution and radical change , removing the social class system and reinforcing communism
What are the criticisms of Marxist views on social class?
Social revolution has not occurred yet
Increase of middle class shows social mobility of society - not so ridged
Feminists argue that it forgets about gender inequality and also ethnicity
What did Weber argue about how classes where formed ? What did he say arose from here?
Under marketplaces like a labour market
One class hired labour and another sold their labour
Different kinds of life chances or rewards
What did Weber argue a class had?
Similar people with similar access to life chances like education
What are the 4 main classes Weber found ?
- Property owners
- The professionals
- Petty bourgeoisie-shop owners
- The working class
What did Weber see classes based as? What did he say this shapes ?
Distribution of economic resources such a wealth but also status and power of political influence in determining life chances and shaping patterns of stratification
How does Weber view class and status ?
Two separate aspects of stratification
Status amy differ from class or economic positions- religious leaders may have a high status but not a high net worth
What is the registrar Generals Registration? What do they intel?
A classing system that distinguishes manual jobs from non manual jobs and how it determine your class
Top would be professional occupations like a surgeon 👩🏿⚕️ and bottom would be unskilled occupants like cleaners 🧼
What are the problems with the Registrar Generals classification?
- Unemployed goes no where or retried
- Tell us nothing about wealth and property
- Farmer?- how big is the farm? Could hide use difference in wealth - no specific
What do the national statistics socio-economical classification group together people who have very similar ..?
Rewards form work and fringe benefits
Employment status - self or full time
Level of authority/control
What are the positives of NS-SEC ?
Covers whole population as students do under unclassified
Top higher professional occupants
Lowest - never worked and long time employment
What are life chances ?
Peoples chance of achieving a positive or negative outcome throughout their lifetime
How are life chances and opportunities distributed? What are they shaped by ?
Not equally between groups eg. Higher class has more opportunities than a lower class
Shaped by inequality through wealth income status and power
What are the 7 factors that life chances may be effected by?
Ethnicity
Gender
Disability
Sexuality
Class
Age
Religion and beliefs
What are inequalities of social classes in relation to ?
Poverty
Education outcomes
Morbidity- how ill someone can get
Wealth
Income
Life expectancy at birth
What is the Embougeosiement thesis? What has the affluence lead to ?
🚾 families becoming more MC in norms and values as their living standards and incomes improved
Their affluence had lead to them adopting a privatised lifestyle centred with the family within the home with aspirations based on consumerism rather than solidarity within the community which has disappeared
What kind of interview did Goldthrope use for his Affluent workers research and Embougeosiment?
Structured in a prosperous town called Luton - found lots of affluent manual workers and interviewed them from 3 diff companies and talked to their wives about their attitudes to work political views lifestyles and aspirations
What was Goldthorpe’s and his workers findings ?
Embougeosiment thesis is rejected - was not shown but affluent workers may be forming a ‘new’ working class of MC values o being home centred but had instrumental collectivism- joined trade unions but only for their own interest rather than all (solidarity)
Eg. Wanted to improve all pay rather than benefits for everyone
What did Goldthorpe’s definition of intramentalism mean?
To view things as a means to a end rather than a mean in itself eg.
Getting a good job means having a good house meaning having a comfortable lifestyle rather than just job satisfaction
What did Devine find out about the affluent workers social mobility?
Agreed with Goldthorpe that families where geographically mobile but little evidence that it was motivated to improve living standards
Devine thinks they moved to escape unemployment to find affordable housing
Not purely instrumental 🎼
What was Devines thought on affluent workers moving ?
Families had moved to join kin to get familiar with job opportunities and housing
They did not have a purely privatised life
What was Devine’s idea of political values amongst affluent workers?
Social and political values where not individualistic
There was evidence of solidarity
What is social mobility?
A person moving up a social strata
What can high rates of up-ward and down-ward mobility tell us ?
That social status is achieved rather than ascribed - so it’s provides meritocracy to improve lifestyles
Individuals are rewarded based on personal qualities rather than inheritance and wealth
What are the three different social mobilities?
Inter-generational mobility- movement up or down measured between layers of the family
Intra-generational mobility- change in social class of an individual over their course of life due to an occupational change vice versa
Vertical - moving up or down a strata
What are the reasons of social mobility?
Education
Marriage
Windfalls of inheritance or lottery
Change in occupation
What are the Barriers of social mobility
Discrimination of
Ethnicity
Gender
Sexual orientation
Disability
What are some problems with measuring mobility?
Some inter- generational mobility may only focus on men and not women
Asking children what jobs their parents are may be inaccurate
What is class alignment? What is class dealignment?
Certain classes voting 🗳 different political groups eg. MC- conservative WC- labour
Class becoming less of a dividing factor leading to no clear division in political voting 🗳
Why has the 🚾 shrunk in size ?
A change in occupational structure - a decline in minding a laborious jobs
Class identify has become less important Over time
What does Saunder believe determines someone’s occupational hierarchy?
Ability and motivation rather than social class origin and so social factors such as
Parents
Types of school they attend
Gender
Overcrowdedness at home
What is sex?
Sex is your biological differences between men-XY and women - XX
What is gender ?
A social construct of different social practices - girls - pink - feminine
Boys - blue
How does feminists explain how gender is socially construct?
It’s shaped by primary and secondary socialisation family schools mass media girls ment to be caring and kind and boys independent and strong