Families 👨‍👩‍👦‍👦

Question 1

What are the 7 types of families ?

Answer 1

Nuclear - mum dad dependant children

Same sex - gay/lesbian parents and dependent children

Beanpole- long line of older generations and only 1 younger one

Reconstituted family- divorce and remarried- stepbrothers/sis/mum/dads

Extended- several generations living together

Lone parent-one parent and dependent children

Question 2

Why is there an increase in one person households ? Give 3 examples .

Answer 2

People living longer as healthcare and the standers of living is increasing

Students from abroad
Divorcees
Live apart from partners

Question 3

Why are friends becoming the new families?

Answer 3

1. People are more likely to go to friends for help as they are too embarrassed or ashamed too.
2. Friends- provide emotional support and nurturing
3. Are less judgemental

Eg more likely to pick up pieces of a failed relationship

Question 4

What are the criticisms of friends becoming family?

Answer 4

They are becoming like family, but won’t replace them .

Question 5

Why are children put in secure homes ?

Answer 5

May be dependent on drugs or alcohol.

Question 6

How may the structures of families change over time ?

Answer 6

Solo living - living by yourself

Empty nest family- parents living tog et her as their child are now independent

Student house hold

Newley weds just married

Question 7

How do different ethnicities have different family structures?

Answer 7

More likely to live alone -Caribbean- women headed houses holds

Asian- patriarchal, extended family

Question 8

What are MC families more ?

Answer 8

Egalitarian- equal women have more say compared to WC families

Question 9

What did the Rapoports and Rapoports find out about families?

Answer 9

That family diversity exists

Question 10

What where the 5 types of diversity found in families that the Rapoports and Rapoports found?

Answer 10

Organisational- conjugal roles segregated or joint and social networks with extended family

Cultural diversity- each family has different cultures and beliefs and ideas about canalisation and gender roles

Class- if WC more traditional roles of MC a more egalitarian

Life course - if just married more likely to be a nuclear family than a empty nest family or live in a student house hold (think of flow diagram of life choices and how it effects the family structure)

Cohort- your tolerance for certain stigmas - eg an older family may not accept a child born out of wedlock whereas a younger family would

Question 11

What are communes ?

Answer 11

A house hold where men woman and children live together normally die to political beliefs or environmental

Communes are used to help raise equality between men women and children -> cat as the head of the house

Question 12

What are kibbutzims?

Answer 12

Jewish settlements where families live . Children over 15 leave their biological parents and live in a large children house where they all learn and eat together

Question 13

What is chinas one child policy ? What was it changed ?

Answer 13

In cities , married couples where not allowed to have more than one child. If they did they will face social exclusion including being fired from their jobs
This was chinas way to deal with the overpopulation occurring

However , china slowly developed an ageing population that where slowing dying, leading to now available workforces to contribute to china’s economy.

So now Chinese couples are allowed 2 children

Question 14

Why does parsons believe that the nuclear family has lost its function?

Answer 14

The certain needs of clothing and food are being met by other agents out side of the family

Question 15

What does parsons believe that family is vital for ?

Answer 15

The formation of human personalities
Parson believes that human personalities are not born, they are but though primary socialisation
Once they are produced they need to say stable (stabilisation of adult personalities)

Question 16

What are the 4 ways Delphy and Leonard found out that wives are being exploited?

Answer 16

1. The way their labour is used by their husbands
2. Financial dependancy on husband
3. Unvalued for work
4. Being at a subordinate position from their husband

Question 17

What occurred within segregated relationships?

Answer 17

Husband and wife spent little to no time together
Very ridged roles such as the women doing expressive stuff and the max doing instrumental

They have separate interests and have different friends out side the home

Question 18

How did Willmot and Young describe the symmetrical family ?

Answer 18

Joint conjugal roles though there where very opposite but did the same about eg man- dIY and women - childcare

Family became more home centred and the extended family was no longer included . Spent free time together. Couples also becomes more warmer and centred.

Financial decisions become more joint
And money become more shared than spent

The man stay more at home due to the rise of technology as entertainment becomes home base eg. Family need TV to be fixed ect

Question 19

How did Willmot and Young describe how the symmetrical family will continue to spread?

Answer 19

Stratified diffusion - changed from the higher classes trickle down to the lower classes

Question 20

What are Willmot and Young’s reasons for the symmetrical family ?

Answer 20

1. Rise in feminism - women are going out and gaining a career rather than being a trad wife , decreasing the chance of their unpaid labour to be exploited.
2. Rise in contraception- wine can choose when to have a child and combine it with their career
3. Women getting more jobs within paid employment makes them more financially independent giving them the equality and status to have a say both inside and outside their home
4. Change in interest- tech- men more likely to stay at home and fix it

Question 21

What are Ann Oakley’s criticisms of the symmetrical family ?

Answer 21

Does not trust the quality of Willmot and Young’s findings -> believes men are given the praise to easily eg. Men washes dishes once and is called a ‘good’ husband and women’s paid work has a huge impact on their roles at home

Question 22

What did Scott and celery feel like women feel?

Answer 22

Like the to the most in the house and care for others unlike the men
There are far more dual workers that have the double shift of child care and work unlike men- this leads for an unfair competition within the workplace as men have a higher chance as they have less stress and work load at home

Question 23

What did Gatrell find out about conjugal roles with heterosexual couples?

Answer 23

Men are now more involved with child care than before , some of them did not have a father and want to be different within their child’s life

There’s tension between sharing the child caring role
Women do not what their maternal roles to be eroded and feel like men ‘cherry-pick’ the nicer child roles to avoid washing up .

She believes if men what to divide parenting time they should divide households chores equally as well

Question 24

What does Delphy and Leonard think power is distributed?

Answer 24

Unequally- sue to mans power and dominance over women

man exploits women and woman is completely dependent on mans money as the family is hierarchical and patriarchal

Question 25

What did Pahl investigate about power within married couples with dependent children ?

Answer 25

30 /102 families still have husbands which still hold financial control within the family however it is much less than how it was in the past. However , Pahl found out that a mother and child can still be in poverty however then man can keep all the money and be fine

Question 26

What is domestic abused viewed as in the family?

Answer 26

A way to dominate and gain power and control over another , making them feel subordinate. Could be psychological or sexual

Question 27

Why may some domestic abuse victims not report ?

Answer 27

Social construct- may be male and be ashamed as they are not so called masculine enough to protect themselves May not see themselves as the victim Think it’s a personal matter

Question 28

What are conventional families ? (Ann Oakley )

Answer 28

Families that consists of a married heterosexual couple and 2 or less dependent children within a district domestic unit Nuclear !

Question 29

What are the two main ideas of a conventional family ?

Answer 29

1. Each person has a different occupation due to age or gender 2. Women are expected to stay in the house and a trad wife and earn no pay when as men go out the house and earn pay .

Question 30

What did Ann Oakley find that was wrong with the conventional family?

Answer 30

1. Women felt a sense of dissatisfaction and depression by just staying at home with no earnings, cleaning up all day 2. Men have health issues with stress due to being the sole breadwinner

Question 31

How did Ann Oakley describe financial inequality within the conventional family?

Answer 31

Men hold more economic power being the main bread winner especially when the woman takes care of children full time Women lack control over the man’s income and what he can spend it on , as they are dependent on economic power . When women go out to work , it’s normally a low pay job for a small amount of time to cover her house labour Men may pay a few bills , but left overs are spent in themselves

Question 32

What are the signs of limited change within conventional families ?

Answer 32

Primary socialisation, creating the next generation of dual workers and conventional families over time

Question 33

How were relationships between parents and children in the olden times ?

Answer 33

Parents saw education as a barrier to breaking out of poverty, so parents didn’t take kids to school but put them in work and the family relied on the child’s income . Most children where working in factories in the 19th century However, the Education Act of 1918 made it legal to keep a child in school until 14 . Willmot and Young argued that this was when a childhood was seen as a separate stage in human life

Question 34

How are relationships now between parents and children?

Answer 34

Democratic and less authoritarian discipline is less stressed and individual freedom is expressed more Children have more rights and more of a say eg. Divorce - what parent they may want to stay with

Question 35

What are parent and child relationships more ?

Answer 35

Child centred , warmer and cosier . Family is more smaller so there is more attention in children but they are more separated due to childcare and financial reasons or choice for most of the working of the working week

Question 36

What is child rearing no longer dominated by ? What may this lead to ?

Answer 36

And economic factor as the age for school has been raised to 18, causing children to be more of a burden as they are restricted by the law for part time jobs making it difficult for children to become independent as they stay in the family longer as they go to university etc. - which may cause stress and conflict within families

Question 37

How does Scott argue that children are not just dependent?

Answer 37

They can help with child care and a family business and also with emotional support with relatives to prevent stress. Children of immigrant parents may help translate and communicate

Question 38

What are Wilmott and young’s theory of the nuclear family being more distant with the extended family?

Answer 38

Geographical mobility- more people are moving places to get nearing to workplaces and the rise of female involvement within the labour market Mean that family have less time on their hands to see each other Wider family in the uk is becoming less important and family ties are weakening

Question 39

What are kinship relationships?

Answer 39

Individuals that are related to each other by blood being in regular contact with one another

Question 40

What are a few ways a kinship relationship may look like?

Answer 40

Grandparents looking after grandchildren Adult children- mostly girls - that looked after grandparents Fathers that help with adult children house improvements

Question 41

What has Charles et Al. Found that geographic mobility does not do ?

Answer 41

It Wares away the support of the family but not eliminate it all together eg. Adult children can call parents for financial support

Question 42

Why has the life expectancy of men and women increased ?

Answer 42

Healthcare being cheaper and more available

Question 43

How is the sandwich generation created what what does it lead to ?

Answer 43

Due to the rise of medicine, the uk is having an ageing population against a small population of young people . This has lead to a lot of 3 generation families to occur, causing the youngest generation to have the burden to take care of grandparents and great grandparents and somehow provide childcare for their children

Question 44

What is a boomerang child ?

Answer 44

Child that leaves home to go to uni or somewhere else, and comes back as there is a global economic crisis , causing them to be unable to afford housing and be independent

Question 45

Why was the number of reconstituted families falling ?

Answer 45

1. The age for women having children was increasing due to the rise of feminism and change of women roles within society, so a woman was more likely to take her time on finding a good job career and husband instead of rushing in one and divorcing Lone parents could have a partner who lives away

Question 46

What are the reasons why there is an increase in lone parent families ?

Answer 46

1. Change in social attitudes- a women is now seen a capable of raising a child without a man sue to their increased activity in the labour market wedlock children and not so taboo 2. Increase in divorce rates - divorce has become more accessible and cheaper

Question 47

What are lone parents families a reason of ?

Answer 47

A decline of moral standards of society as father less family as seen as the underclass Secularisation- marriage is not such a big this anymore or a milestone is society People have more freedom of choice over what relationships they want

Question 48

Describe the changing rates of fertility.+ why ?

Answer 48

Used to be high for economic reasons - children could work and earn , until the Education Act of 1918 said that children had to stay in school untill 14 then it was changed to 18 Children became a burden and were expensive and their was a global economic crisis and people couldn’t afford their own homes Worn decided to have less children as they had the choice and rejected the house wife roles so women become more active in the workforce meaning they could focus on their career laws like the sex discrimination act backed this up Contraception was more available and abortions are legal

Question 49

What are the 7 types of marriages?

Answer 49

Polygamy - several people marring at once Polyandry- 1 women loads of men Polygyny- 1 Man loads of women Monogamy- THE RIGHT WAY OF MARRIAGE LEGAL 1 PERSON MARRING ANOTHER ✅✅✅ Seiral monogamy 💩🤮🤢- marring another person and divorce them then marring another agian and again … wth Bigamy ❌❌‼️🚩- Marring someone when there already married 🚨🚨👮🏾‍♀️

Question 50

What are some rules of polyandry/gyny?

Answer 50

There may be a written contact that wives /husbands may be treated the same

Question 51

What are arranged marriages? Why are they different from forced ?

Answer 51

Arranged marriages is when a family finds someone they may think is suitable for you to marry - why have the choice to say no and you have to give consent - you are forced to marry someone in forced marriages and no consent is given - illegal up to 7 years

Question 52

What are the four changes in household structures?

Answer 52

A decrease proportion of children living in conventional families Headed by a married couple An increase of children living with in a family headed by a cohabiting couple An increase of families headed by same-sex couple A significant increase in one person households

Question 53

What are the reasons for the decrease in reconstituted families? 2)

Answer 53

1. Women and less likely to have babies at a young age this means that is it a woman rushing into marriages they could find the right person decreasing the chance of divorce  2. Couples could be live in a park together due to work reasons this means that they’re not taking in as a reconstituted family

Question 54

Why is there an increase in dual-career families? What are they ?

Answer 54

women may feel my face conflicts between a role as a parent and an employee As a result of the increase of Co-habitation like living apart together

Question 55

Why has the Amount of loan parent families increased? 2)

Answer 55

1. High levels of divorce being easier to obtain for example you don’t have to give a certain reason 2. change in a social attitudes towards marriage is not seen as a big thing anymore and it’s more socially acceptable for a single woman to bring up a child without a man

Question 56

What do you some commentators link the rise of fatherless families too?

Answer 56

A declined to societies moral fibre and cultural dependency They identified as the underclass and depend on the welfare state

Question 57

Why is there an increase in one person households?

Answer 57

1. Ageing population in the UK due to the increase of healthcare available 2. Increase in solo living more children I’m going out for education living single mothers alone and international migrants live alone to do their education

Question 58

What is fertility?

Answer 58

The amount of women of childbearing age give birth children in a particular society

Question 59

What are the change in patterns of fertility in the UK?

Answer 59

Women are having less children than they had 30 years ago

Question 60

What are the Reasons for the changing patterns in fertility? 5)

Answer 60

1. Economic factors children- are normally born to get jobs and then provide income for families but that’s no longer the case due to the education act 1918  They became a burden as they had to stay longer within the families without generating income and they became the main consumers of fashion tech and brands leading to conflict 2. Labour market uncertainty- during global recession is it was uncertain if they could afford housing which would discourage people from having children as they cannot afford to provide for themselves 3. Later marriage- woman with Marrying later said it would delay having children 4. Women’s increase in employment and higher education- Women have more options than motherhood 5. Effective birth-control methods women have more control when they want to have children

Question 61

How has the level of annual number of marriages looks like in the UK?

Answer 61

There has been a decrease

Question 62

Why is there a decrease in marriages in the UK? 3)

Answer 62

People are getting married later due to Increase in education especially for women Change in attitudes to premarital sex - more acceptable  Laws allowing same-sex marriages there’s been an increase in this 

Question 63

Why has there been an increase in cohabitation? 3)

Answer 63

1.Changing social attitudes with sex outside of marriages 2. secularisation  3. High cost of weddings

Question 64

Why is there an increase of births outside marriage?

Answer 64

Babies born out of wedlock are no longer stigmatised

Question 65

What are the five reasons that there has been an increase in divorce?

Answer 65

1. Legal changes have made it easier to obtain a divorce 2. Changing attitudes - divorce is more socially acceptable 3. Secularisation - process this has weakened religious barrier to divorce 4. Women in empty shell marriages depend less on their husbands through economic dependence 5. The media- amplification of romantic love encourages couples have high expectations when in reality these expectations are not met they may result in a divorce as people are unhappy

Question 66

What are the consequences of divorce for individuals in family structures ? What has it lead to ?

Answer 66

The rising divorce rates has led to an increase in one person household lone parents and reconstituted families These changes in family structures may lead to difficulty to adjust to different expectations of behaviour however it may give allow more people to be available to provide attention and support

Question 67

What does the consequences of divorce lead to conflict occurring between ?

Answer 67

Causes conflict between previous spouse to continue after the divorce and continue to dispute with parenting and property

Question 68

What does the consequence of the divorce lead to some children losing?

Answer 68

Please contact with parent or extended family members from the divorcee 

Question 69

What did the forced men experience after divorce?

Answer 69

Lack of emotional support if their friends or social networks change

Question 70

What do divorcees tend to lose with the finance as a Consequence of divorce?

Answer 70

A loss of income which may cause an impact families to face hardships with finance

Question 71

Why may teenage pregnancy not be a disaster for young mothers?

Answer 71

It’s actually an opportunity for your mothers to be responsible and encourage them to take up education training and employment

Question 72

How are relationships between teenagers and adults Viewed as now?

Answer 72

Teenagers cannot be controlled by their parents due to an adequate socialisation with a lack into societies norms and values and that teenagers are literally parents themselves