Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology ๐ŸŒ > Crime And Devience ๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿฟโ€โš–๏ธ > Flashcards

Crime And Devience ๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿฟโ€โš–๏ธ Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of rules are in society and what to the enforce ?

A

Informal- parents/ friends enforce rules keeps society in order.

Formal - police - laws
Eg mag court 3 lay people
Crown court 2 jury 1 judge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Criticisms of Durkheim

A
  1. More small scale society than large scale
  2. More negative out come then positive
  3. Does not point out issues of power - only interest of bourgeoisie than everyone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 stages of Durkheimโ€™s idea of crime?

A
  1. Re-affirming boundaries- publicity surrounds the criminal, allowing society to see what happened when you step over the boundaries
  2. Change in values - public outcry of crime some sorry , may reflect in a change in law

3.social cohesion - shared outrage of crime- sense of belonging

  1. Safety valve - deviant expressing their discontent in society in a non-criminal way, avoiding more challenges to occur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Mertonโ€™s goals and means?

A
  1. Society gives individuate clear life goals to achieve eg. Get a good education - get good job
  2. Not everyone has means to achieve leading to a strain
  3. The high pressure to succeed leads them to deviant acts

Merton believes people commit crime because they are responding to a social situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an anomie?

A

When an individual feels a sense of normlessness and the regulation of behaviour breaks down, driving them to suicide or delinquency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are goals determined ? + Eg (key sociologist- MERTON)

A

The value in their culture

American dream- (meritocracy) you can be whoever you want to be regardless of background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give an example of strain (Merton)

A

Wc youths in the USA are socialised to strive for the American Dream, but are unable to reach that level of success due to the lack of opportunities. This leads to a strain of being unable to success legitimately leading to an anomie to meet those goals .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Mertonโ€™s 5 responses to societyโ€™s goals ?

A
  1. Conformity - accepts goals of success- achieve legitimately- MC UC privileged - doctor
  2. Innovation - accept goals- lacks means to achieve legitimately- theft / organised crime
  3. Ritualism- rejects goals of success - stick rigidly to legitimate means lose point of success- office workers

4.Retreatism- reject goals- reject legitimate means - societyโ€™s dropouts - drug/alcohol dependent

  1. Rebellion- rejects goals of success replace with their alternative goals - replace with own means - radical groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mertonโ€™s criticisms

A

Cohen argues that juvenile behaviour is not driven by money

Sociologist reject that society is based of goals , rather itโ€™s based on conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do Marxists believe breads materialism?
What does he believe with laws?

A

Capitalist society
Believes that laws are enforced to favour the bourgeoisie and work against the proletariats causing conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What values are capitalist societies based on?

A
  1. Materialism - the value of material possession
  2. Consumerism- wanting the latest material
  3. Competition - keeping up with the neighbours new car etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Marxists argue about the media and capitalism/ materialism?

A

Argues that the media reinforces materialism consumerism and competition through advertising

reality Hollywood TV shows based on rich lives that people are unable to afford

This leads to them turning to illegitimate means to obtain them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the problems with the Marxist approach ?

A
  1. Not all laws benefit the bourgeoisie๏ฟผ eg. Worker rights for the proletariats
  2. Functionalists argue that Society is based on values consensus and not conflict (crime is good for society)
  3. Some Feminists argue that Marxists ignore parochial issues in society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two ways agents of social control use their interests for the bourgeoisie?

A
  1. Certain types of crime are more likely to be targeted (more visible than white collar crime)
  2. Certain social groups are more likely to be targeted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is white collar crime?

A

Crime committed by bourgeoisie in high positions of law - likely to be undiscovered as they can cover tracks and frame proletariats for their crimes (invisible crime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is corporate crime? Why are they difficult to sue?

A

Crime committed by a corporation
Eg. Unsafe products being sold
Difficult to sue as they have good lawyers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What theory does Heidensohn use to explain why women have lower rates of crime than men?

A

Control theory -
Are controlled/threatened byโ€ฆ

HOME- Threat of sexual violence and domestic violence

PUBLIC- sexual violence

WORK- pay gap sexual violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the chivalry theisis?

A

Women are treated more leniently in the criminal justice system as they are more softer and feminine than male offenders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Double deviancy thesis?

A

Women being treated more harshly in society as they have not only broken the law but their gender role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do men control womenโ€™s reputation in public? (Heindensohn )

A

Men control womenโ€™s behaviour in the public using their reputation of sexuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who are daughters control at home compared to sons ? (Heidensohn)

A

Daughters made to Saturday close at home or in their bedrooms (bedroom culture) than sons as the outside world is dangerous for females , restricting their freedom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are women so controlled ? What does it lead to them committing compared to men?

A

They are expected to do their expressive roles of childbearing and chores allowing them to have more opportunities with domestic crime such as shop lifting unlike males who have high positioned jobs committing WWC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the gender deal?

A

If you stick to your gender stereotype , women will be awarded with emotional rewards - husband and baby = happy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is class deal?

A

Work hard and gets good wage you will be rewarded with material possessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What interview did Carlen used and who with?

A

Unstructured detailed tape interviews with 39 female offenders๏ฟผ

26
Q

What did carlen find out for why did the 39 WC females offend ?

A

Failed to achieve the class and gender deal due to poverty - society failed to meet their desires for a good life as promised

So women turn to crime to gain what they desire

27
Q

What did carlen find out on why the women chooses to commit?

A

They had nothing else to lose, no family or friends and rejected class deals

28
Q

What did Carlen find out using the social control theory ?

A

Human beings are neither good or bad , but will make the rational decision to turn to crime when the advantages weight out the disadvantages

29
Q

Was Carlenโ€™s Interviews representative?

A

No as she only interviewed 39 WC
Also forgot the factor of ethnicity

30
Q

When is crime more likely to be committed ?

A

When social control breaks down

31
Q

What is the explanation of Criminal behaviour? Remember -> CLASSIC

A

Conflict (Marxists)
Labelling
Anomie
Strain
Subculture
Inadequate socialised
Conflict (Feminism)

32
Q

How did Beaker describe a label?

A

A sticky tag which is hard to remove once placed

33
Q

What does Beaker argue that a deviant act depends on?

A

Depends on
time and place
Who commits and who is the victim

34
Q

Who does Beaker believe makes the rules in society?

A

Groups that have a powerful position in society

35
Q

How does Beaker explain how a deviant career is reached?

A

Lady starts doing illegal drugs

Caught and publicly shamed and is labelled as a deviant

The label changes how others as she is now a junkie . This becomes her master status as it overrides she other statuses as a daughter

She now gets treated like a criminal, friends not wanting to go out with her because they think she may steal to support her habit causing her to lose everything

This drives her to a deviant career with people like her causing her to identify as a criminal as she learns better ways to support her habit illegitimately

36
Q

What does Beaker argue about what labelling produces? Why?

A

Self fulfilling prophecy

37
Q

What are some criticisms of the interactionalist approach? (Beaker -> labelling)

A

Does not explain why the crime was committed in the first place

Ignores that some chose to break the law rather than being victims

Does not take the power inequality to focus

38
Q

How does Cohen Believe crime is committed ?

A

Due to status frustration - individuals feeling frustrated by the lack of opportunities to change their status

Due to inadequate socialisation eg poor parenting

This leads to violence or formation of subcultures made to challenge authority as WC are unable to compete with MC

39
Q

What is an interactionalist explanation of why young people become delinquents ?
MATZO

A

DELINQUENCY AND DRIFT- as young people have no responsibility, they slowing drift to delinquency

But as they become an adult , they drift out of it due to the new responsibilities

40
Q

What is Edgeworks theory on why young people commit crime? (Lyng)

A

Commit acceptable but risky behaviour to feel that thrill

41
Q

What is Brokeโ€™s theory on why youths commit crime ? (Marxists)

A

Youths use crime as a magical response to the dull world of capitalism

Do not have the face of financial pressure

they are free to commit criminal behaviour

This ends when they reach adulthood and become trapped by capitalismโ€™s debt and mortgage

42
Q

Critics of Cohen?

A

Feminists argue that cohen only focuses on male subculture and not the female side of status frustration

43
Q

What are official stats ?

A

Large amounts of quantitive data obtained by the mixed methods approach recourses by police

44
Q

Advantages and Disadvantage of official stats

A

All serious crimes are included

Disadvantages- not all crimes are discovered or reported eg. Workplace theft

Victim has to be identified and recognised may think itโ€™s an accident

Crime may be seen as too trivial (small to be recorded)

May be a social construct - victims of abuse too sensitive

May hate the police

Scared of consequence

45
Q

What is the dark figure of crime?

A

Unreported crime that official stats ignore

46
Q

What are victim surveys ?

A

Large scale at home interview for victims of crime

47
Q

What are the positives and negatives of victim surveys

A

Positives- more accurate than police recorded crime

Uncovers the dark figures of crime

Include A specific domestic violence survey

Helps make policies to tackle crime

Negative - may not be away that they are a victim

May not admit to being a victim

Survey may tends not to acknowledge all crimes may lead to a less accurate result

48
Q

What are self report studies ?

A

Amongst 10-15 yr olds in a household offending drug use

49
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of self report studies ?

A

Advantages- may uncover dark figures of crime

Uncover info of offender

Provides info of offenders that have not been dealt with witch will help finalise polices

Disadvantages-
People may lie / exaggerate leading to invalid data

Thies who are homeless or live in communal homes cannot take part

Only in young people and not on criminal gangs

Most crimes uncovered tend to be trivial as people do not want to admit serious crimes

50
Q

What are the 3 research methods used in crime and deviance?

A

Official stats
Victims surveys
Self report surveys

51
Q

What are the functionalists view on crime stats?

A

See official stats as a true reflection of crime and see it playing down the inaccuracies of crime

52
Q

What are the feminists view in crime stats?

A

Unrepresentative sue to the chivalry thesis and in domestic abuse crimes and rape

53
Q

What are Marxists perspective on crime stats ?

A

Doesnโ€™t represent the white coller crime
Only concentrate on WC offences

54
Q

What are interactionalistโ€™s view on crime stats ?

A

Crucial due to the labelling process as some people are more prone to be labeled as deviant/criminal

55
Q

What are the two reasons why there is a change in values In crime being committed ?

A
  1. Variation in crime rates could be linked to how much money is invested in CCTV surveillance
  2. Changes in the way police record crime ( new rules )
56
Q

What were the two main years police stats changes + why?

A

1998- clearer distinctions between similar crimes and emphasis on recording

2003- victim centred approach

57
Q

What could an increased amount of crime recorded actually mean?

A

That police are improving in recording crime more

58
Q

What do interactionalist argue about the social construct of crime ?

A

Itโ€™s an end product of a group of peoples choice and decisions such as police victims and criminals

59
Q

What do labelling theorists argue about crime statics?

A

That itโ€™s the polices reaction and power to define a behaviour as deviant

This means that it may not provide a true image of crime

60
Q

What is institutional racism?

A

Hidden unconscious and unintended discrimination embedded in an organisation

61
Q

What are the percentages of people out of 1000 are In prison?

A

69.5% black
28.8 mixed
20 white
29.4 Asian

3% of pop is black yet 12% Is makes up prison system

Sociology ๐ŸŒ (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions