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Sociology 🌏 > Education 📚 > Flashcards

Education 📚 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do Marxists believe education

A

Education helps the powerful groups to impose their beliefs into the powerless

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2
Q

What are the economic roles of functionalists and Marxists ? (Education)

A

Teaching skills for work - teaches numeracy and vocational skills to ensure students get employed and benefits the economy

Marxists - reenforces the class system
WC only get taught the low things to get into low jobs whereas the MC get taught higher things and gain qualifications needed to stay at the MC

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3
Q

What are the two roles of education?

A

Selective and economical roles

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4
Q

What are the selective roles of society?

A

Development of citizenship - leads to social cohesion - teaching all the same British values and norms such as working hard and getting a good job
MERITOCRACY

Marxists - meritocracy is a myth - teachers reject WC children and doesn’t offer the same opportunities as MC

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5
Q

What two types of education are there?

A

Formal – takes place in the educational establishment like school or universities where people learn from schools across a wide range of subjects

Informal – when people develop knowledge from observing what happens around them in their everyday life

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6
Q

Give An example of formal education?

A

Being told off by the teacher

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7
Q

Give an example of informal education

A

Being able to work with others

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8
Q

What is the political role of education?

A

It teaches pupils to be effective citizens and have social cohesion

It teaches everybody a sense of Britishness and the norms and culture teaching them the voting system of Britain

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9
Q

How do Functionalists Believe the political role of school does?

A

Helps people learn society through education they accept the political system and are able to access their voting rights 

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10
Q

What do Marxist believe political role of education does?

A

Only a certain political opinions of are tolerated and any other political views are ridiculed and rejected this allows the political ideas of the powerful groups to come to be accepted by individuals

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11
Q

What is the official curriculum?

A

Subjects like biology and sciences

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12
Q

What is the hidden curriculum?

A

Learning routines and certain regulations Outside of lessons within schools like when not to talk

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13
Q

What are the five important things of the hidden curriculum?

A

Hierarchy
competition
social control
lack of satisfaction
and gender role allocation

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14
Q

How is hierarchy part of the hidden curriculum?

A

Hierarchy seems to reflect the hierarchy of society and the workplace

such as the headteacher being on the top like the boss and the bottom in the students that look like the employees

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15
Q

How is competition part of the hidden curriculum?

A

It’s extra students to compete with exam results which parallels the workplace for promotions and it prepares children for wider competitive society

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16
Q

How to social control prepare children for society?

A

It teaches them the norms and values went to talk when not to talk and this prepares them for the formal agents of control in society -

It allows them to accept the social control before they go out to wider society

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17
Q

How is gender role allocation shown in the hidden curriculum within schools?

A

Some teachers may expect us to be less good in science-based subjects causing them to not go to Science based careers

and boys dominate the playground with their football games teaching girls that in the wider society in the labour market it’s going to be dominated by men

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18
Q

How do you say critics of school explain lack of satisfaction?

A

School day is taken up by boring and meaningless activities where children

have little to no say following a timetable day in day out and it leads to a sense of practice nurse and boredom-

Teaches them how workplaces may be and also produces in imaginative obedience workforce

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19
Q

What was Durkheim’s perspective three things that school did for the role of the education system?

A

Social solidarity

Society in miniature

Skills for work

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20
Q

What did Durkheim say about social solidarity?

A

The main functions of Schools were to transmit societies norms and values to individuals

Needed all individuals to create social solidarity and see themselves as an individual in the wider societyI’m not for their own selfish aims

It wasn’t enough in the hidden curriculum so it was taught in the history in for more official curriculum where in history class 



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21
Q

What did Durkheim say about society in miniature?

A

That’s good prepared us for wider society that we have to cooperate with people who are not friends or family

School provides us with a set of rules to interact correctly with each other which prepares us for societies rule to associate with people that we have no personal connection to

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22
Q

What did Durkheim say about the skills for work?

A

Durkheim believes that the complex industries in society needed to be taught within school and it provides social solidarity 

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23
Q

What are the criticisms of the Durkheim view of schools?

A

Durkheim assuming that there is shared value in that can be transmitted through education the hidden curriculum this would not work in multicultural societies

Feminist would argue that has been transmitted for a patriarchal society



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24
Q

Did what did parson and argue was the five roles of the education system?

A

Universal values- Prepares children for society with universal values by treating them all the same universal values-Parson argued that this was different to the particularistic values that the family had which may be a ascribed status given to them daughter eldest and judged is that good or bad depending on the value of the family

role allocation- Who was good for sorting people into their right roles and jobs but society through their abilities this was seen as fair and meritocratic

meritocracy- So the students achievements were based on their hard work rather on the social status gender or ethnicity mirrored wider society

value consensus- Value of achievement and the value of equality or opportunity
Children are encouraged to do well in school to benefit wider society

Competition - And children are encouraged to believe that they’re competing with each other on equal terms in the classroom and This allows the higher achievers to be deserving of the high status and the lower achievers to accept the low status as fair

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25
Q

What are the criticisms of Parsons with the role of the education system? 3)

A

Accuse for not seeing whose values are being transmitted via the education system that Marxists believe that these values are from dominant groups in society

Feminists argue that the system is not meritocratic that gender can influence achievement

Role allocation is criticise that the best qualifications get given to those with the Best financial situation

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26
Q

What are The Marxists Bowles and Gintis three main rules of the education system?

A
  1. Correspondence principle relationships and interactions
    Expected and valued in schools of those expected in the workplace

students learn to obey rules and

accept hierarchy in schools

and motivated for external rewards like exam results which corresponds to increase the pay This leads to motivation as it’s satisfying

  1. Subjects are separated and fragmented teaches them how to learn specific jobs for different things

Students learn to be competitive through tests and grades leads them to compete for promotions and higher pay which leads to a more positive workforce for The Capitalistic Society

  1. The myth of meritocracy

School teaches people that they’re gaining stuff equally which prevents them from question the system and that the main factor that actually making them succeed as someone’s income however the system is disguised to make us believe that those with higher incomes deserve to be in the positions as a result of their ability

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27
Q

What do Marxists see schools as?

A

A form of social control creating a obedient and passive work force for the capitalist society teaching ruling class values within shared values

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28
Q

Criticisms of Bowles and Gintis !

A

They seem that students have no free will and passively expect except the values taught in the hidden curriculum however some students reject values of school

subcultures -Willis

Modern economies are seen requiring different workforces instead of passive and thinking workers business requires creative and independent workers capable of taking responsibility and developing new ideas

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29
Q

What aim was set for education?

A

In 1944 Butler education act

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30
Q

What was the aim of the 1944 butler education act?

A

Allows individuals to develop their talents and abilities in the free states run
- Aim to have a meritocratic system based on their own academic ability rather than parents pay

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31
Q

What was the result of the 1944 education Butler act?

A

Tripartite system

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32
Q

Explain the tripartite system

A

There was an 11+ exam that was taken to test ability for potential students there was

secondary modern -where its general education for less academic 75%

Secondary technical -practical education craft and skills 5%

Grammar- academic education 20% of students

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33
Q

When was the start of the comprehensive system?

A

1965

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34
Q

What was the comprehensive system?

A

All students in regardless of academic ability to attend the same type of school

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35
Q

Why are comprehensive schools a good idea? 3)

A

Breaks social barriers everybody together

Locational reasons no one is labelled as a failure and it’s fair to late developers

Geographical reasons it’s convenient for the catchment area

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36
Q

What are the three problems with the comprehensive system?

A
  1. Limited Parentocracy 

Less able people in mixed ability groups may not get the help they need

Comprehensive schools are seen as a low standards Compared to grammar schools

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37
Q

Why do you compare to school is not really breakdown class barriers

A

Certain courses live in certain areas so the catchment area will just be based in one class

Some Schools are not really comprehensive because they stream the students - could be based on class 

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38
Q

List of the order of the education system

A

Preschool -
education sure start Centre is set up in working-class areas to give children head start up to 3 to 5 year old

Primary education -
co-educational boys and girls 5 to 11 years
can be free or private sector may be private but fees have to be paid

Secondary school education - 11-16
Provided by state by comprehensive schools GCSE

Further education - People go to college or sixth form

Higher education people go to university and they get degrees A-levels

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39
Q

What do people have to decide to do when they turn 16 in the education system?

A

Remain in school full-time
apprenticeship
Train for Vocational training for a job

40
Q

Where has the government been committed to raise the number of young people remaining in full time education?

A

Makes Britain a prosperous and rich economy

Needs a highly trained and educated workforce competition

college performance voted against recruitment exam results improves sector

41
Q

What is the independent sector made up of?

A

Be paying schools private schools- you pay a fee and public schools- Old Independent Schools : Eton

42
Q

What percentage of children attend Independent schools?

A

7%

43
Q

What do you Independent schools not have to teach?

A

The national curriculum Not funded by the government or owned

44
Q

Why are some Independent schools favoured Over comprehensive schools? 3)

A

Lower teacher to student ratio so there’s more quality and attention from teachers

better facilities

academic culture highly motivated

45
Q

Why are some state comprehensive schools favoured over Independent schools? 3)

A

It’s free it’s not based on ability

Social classes are mixed and it leads to Social mobility for poor families

do not have to travel far so it’s more cheaper and convenient

46
Q

What are the two alternative routes that are taking by 16-year-olds other than staying in education?

A

Vocational education and training

47
Q

Why is vocational training good?

A

Keeps most 16-year-olds within education increasing the potential employees for the economy



48
Q

What are some criticisms on vocational training?

A

Gives students a lower status not purely academic locations is it working class children

Seen as similar ideas for the tripartite system may be considered as failures and pushed into lower status training

49
Q

What did Illich Argue about education?

A

School represses children turned on when and when not to talk and rather than developing creative ideas for themselves

promote passive conformity and then she failed to conform of questions arose in education he argues that we should do de-schooling which is where school should be abolished

and instead encouraged to push your knowledge from smaller neck was at like-minded individuals rather than attend school

50
Q

What could be an alternative to forms of education provision?

A

Homeschooling teaching the children and child at home rather than in a state or independent school parents or professional tutors could take out a home education

51
Q

What are middle-class students more likely to achieve and study Than working class students ?

A

More likely to get better results in public examinations and study higher education

52
Q

What did Halsey Heath and Ridge do?

A

Examined the social class origins of educational destinations of a large sample of men

social class based on fathers occupation

53
Q

What was the three classes that Halsey Health and Ridge found?

A

The service class- high-grade
professionals

the intermediate class - Clerical workers

working class manual workers

54
Q

What did Halsey find evidence of?

A

Found evidence of social class inequalities a boy from service class compared to working-class boy was four times more likely to be in school

55
Q

What are the reasons for class based differences in achievement?

A

Material deprivation

parental values and expectations -Parents may not go to parents Evening schools not important

cultural deprivation -fatalistic more collective working together is stresses rather and individualism -

Don’t go to museum say home watch TV on holidays



social deprivation- Lack any social connections that can be at an advantage for academic careers

56
Q

Give examples of material deprivation 3)

A

Poor housing overcrowding no space to do homework properly WC children

Being unable to afford school uniform lead to student been sent home is absent when needs to learn in classroom comes back not knowing anything does bad in exam

Maybe unable to afford certain revision guides unable to study properly

57
Q

What is material deprivation?

A

When somebody lacks the materials to succeed in school

58
Q

Give an example of material capital

A

Middle-class students having good facilities like computers and quiet spaces to study middle-class

parents affording private tutors

59
Q

Why me why can cause children do worse in school then middle-class children due to parental attitudes?

A

Working-class children have less parental interest support and encouragement and middle-class children

60
Q

Describe cultural capital (eg)

A

Having the right norms and values that aligns with school to strive and achieve well through hard work

Middle-class parents take this to their advantage as they have social cover so as well and they know how to work the system

and they may be well qualified to help their children with homework and monitor progress

61
Q

What did Ball Bowe and Gewirtz find out?

A

The effect of Parentocracyand how it’s caused a competition between schools and the education system which has led to greater inequality

62
Q

What are the few things that Ball Bowe and Gertwirts found has been added to the education system?

A

League tables they’re ranking of schools progress and it attracts meant to be to parents and able children

however this led to cream skimming and slit shifting cream skimming is when schools would only take the best children and leave the harder children

and slit shifting is when they were shift all the less able children away from school

Open days were held which led to a rise of Parentocracy giving parents more power and more control where their children should go

63
Q

What did the bull argue was created to advantage the middle-class parents to make education less equal?

A

Marketisation/Margaret Thatcher Conservative – educational reform made education less equal

now schools are more concerned with attracting gifted and advantage students help without helping disadvantaged ones

64
Q

What are the three kinds of parents who choose for schools?

A

Skilled chooses- the book to see the right premises then using negotiating skills And train their children to ensure that they are picked by the best school

Semi skilled chooses their working-class parents with the same aspirations but lack the inner knowledge - based decisions on reputations or rumour or what others say

Disconnected chooses- Do not value the careers of the child but more of the happiness and the best decisions based on geographical reasons

65
Q

What is the interactionallists perspective on working-class children in education?

A

Teachers see a middle-class student and WC student they assume that the working class student is low ability and the middle-class students higher ability
HALO EFFECT

leads to the working class student being streamed in the lower set restricting them from achieving the higher grades the medical student student has

this leads to the self-fulfilling prophecy and working-clasS student believes that they are truly Lower ability

leading to them to have less motivation within the classroom

this leads them to be labelled as lazy and u academic leading to them achieving lower grades as teachers do not bother helping Or giving additional support

this leads to the working-class student leaving school with bad qualifications and able to go into higher higher education and get a high-end job unlike the middle-class student

66
Q

What are the positives of streaming and setting?

A

Students are allocated based on ability which leads to them having the correct help they need without pushing back any of the students



67
Q

What are the negatives of streaming?

A

Students may have a low self-esteem within the dumb classes and their confidence may be damaged

teachers may give less attention and encouragement to students in lower streams

A large proportion of lower streams are from working class

68
Q

How did new labour Raise standards?

A

Placing schools in special measures

Reducing the size of nursery classes

Providing nursery spaces for all three and four-year-olds



69
Q

How did new labour reduce inequality Within schools?

A

Education maintenance allowance EMA allow students to come to school as they given money to help fund them

Aim higher programs for disadvantaged students with talent in school

sure start Centre is in disadvantaged backgrounds to give children a Headstart in preschool

70
Q

What are the three new schools new Labour made to increase school activity?

A

Specialised schools that specialise in certain subjects like technology or medicine

Faith schools

Academies - schools that were taken out of local authority and passed on to a sponsor or the government

71
Q

What are new style Academies?

A

Postal academies that were set up in local disadvantage areas that have been given to local authority and renovated

They have more control over teachers pay amount of days off and the about of students that they can accept

They do not have to follow the national curriculum

Can be run by a chain of Academies

72
Q

What is the free school

A

The school set up by the government but can be taken over by religious group a group of parents or local business have to submit a business plan

Can do everything on their own terms

73
Q

What are positives and disadvantages of free schools?

A

Free schools give parents more choice increasing Parentocracy

but may appeal more to middle-class families leading to less social mobility and social class diversity within the school

74
Q

What is pupil premium?

A

Money given to people to fund them however critics argue that the money may not be used on the pupil but used on school budget

75
Q

What are the two biological things that sociologist think affects our social achievement?

A

Nature -are genetic’s

or nurture -how we were brought up

76
Q

what did lower streams tend to do? What did this lead to

A

Reject school norms and values

causing them to be labelled as failure

is causing them to join a subculture while doing uncooperative acts and not following what teachers say

allowed students to gain a new status Which help them at high regards towards peers

77
Q

What did Willis investigate?

A

Sub cultures within school interview 12 working-class lads

78
Q

What did Willis find?

A

The lads felt superior to teachers and to the conformist students who called them the ‘ear ‘ols ‘ and aimed to ‘had a laff’
They tried to do as little work as possible

They saw meritocracy as a myth and we’re trying to enter work as soon as possible leading to them having low manual jobs

79
Q

What did Willis conclude?

A

That not accepting and creating their own subculture is prepared them for the capitalist it’s society as low manual workers

They chose their own subculture other than being socialised into the education one

Where is concluded that the education system does not fully cause working cause students to have a lower class jobs

It’s partly the result of the students actions

80
Q

Have a single sex schools helping girls?

A

Helping girls achieve more within the classroom of male dominated subjects

The removal of men leads to school being less disruptive

81
Q

What did Harris find about me boys doing worse in school than girls?

A

Boys are struggling from low self-esteem as they view being smart is a geeky

they lack time management

and organisation the lack more support

Girls are more future realistic and have enough time to dedicate to homework

82
Q

What did moir and moir find out
About girls achieving really well?

A

Schools have become more girl friendly nonverbally in a non-competitive environment this makes it hard for boys to learn

83
Q

What does Katz argue is the Reason for boys underachieving girls?

A

Image of incompetent men in advertising and the media

decline of men in traditional masculine jobs

peerpressure of being ridiculed for trying in class

84
Q

What does James think about girls overachieving boys?

A

Girls have reassessed the position in society whereas boys are confused on Where they now stand and what is ‘masculine’

85
Q

Tell me the ranking of ethnic groups within education

A

Chinese
Indian
White
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
black Caribbean
gypsy

86
Q

What are the issues of using ethnicity to rank achievement in education?

A

Too general
There may be other reasons like social class

87
Q

How can social ?class background affect achievement

A

Reid found out that 70% of Pakistani live in poverty - material deprivation

It’s also may have been the resources offered to ethnic minority groups while entering Britain

this will lead to doubling up Factors that concluding that ethnicity may not be the only reason

88
Q

How many cultural differences affected the achievement of ethnic minorities?

A

May be unable to speak English reset them back
may not be motivated as they are in ethnocentric curriculum based on European white culture

may feel devalue meant in school into under achievement

89
Q

How many parental attitudes towards education and ethnic minorities affect the achievement?

A

Black Caribbean parents feel worried for their children so they sent them to Sunday school

Indian parents put a lot of pressure on the kids to do well

Asian parents may be badly educated themselves but they feel a drive to educate their children

however this lack of knowledge may lead to a gap and a strain leading to a difficulty to understand their children’s lives

90
Q

What are the three things that can affect an ethnic minorities achievement in school (Internal reasons)

A

Type of school
Labelling from teachers
Ethnocentric curriculum

91
Q

What are the external reasons for Ethnic minority achievement?

A

Parental expectations
home And social class background cultural differences

92
Q

How can the type of schools attended lead to ethnicity achievement?

A

Comprehensive schools with all of the same ethnicities no labelling equal chances Meritocratic 

93
Q

How may labelling of students need to know achievement of ethnic minorities ? (Critic?)

A

Maybe stereotyped as bad Afro-Caribbean - Good Asian person

Hallo affect for self-fulfilling prophecy

Mirza- Black African girls reject the negative stereotypes given about them

94
Q

What are the middle-class values?

A

Desired to control their own lives

emphasis on future planning

deferred gratification- Able to make sacrifices now for future plans - Like time and money

Individual Success is stressed by own efforts individuals will improve their own position

95
Q

What is working-class values?

A

Passive and fatalistic acceptance of others being in control

Emphasis upon present or past

Present gratification -living for the moment with little attempt to plan for future

Collective action stressed what can cause people achieve improvements by sticking together

Sociology 🌏 (6 decks)

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