Education 📚

Question 1

What do Marxists believe education

Answer 1

Education helps the powerful groups to impose their beliefs into the powerless

Question 2

What are the economic roles of functionalists and Marxists ? (Education)

Answer 2

Teaching skills for work - teaches numeracy and vocational skills to ensure students get employed and benefits the economy

Marxists - reenforces the class system
WC only get taught the low things to get into low jobs whereas the MC get taught higher things and gain qualifications needed to stay at the MC

Question 3

What are the two roles of education?

Answer 3

Selective and economical roles

Question 4

What are the selective roles of society?

Answer 4

Development of citizenship - leads to social cohesion - teaching all the same British values and norms such as working hard and getting a good job
MERITOCRACY

Marxists - meritocracy is a myth - teachers reject WC children and doesn’t offer the same opportunities as MC

Question 5

What two types of education are there?

Answer 5

Formal – takes place in the educational establishment like school or universities where people learn from schools across a wide range of subjects

Informal – when people develop knowledge from observing what happens around them in their everyday life

Question 6

Give An example of formal education?

Answer 6

Being told off by the teacher

Question 7

Give an example of informal education

Answer 7

Being able to work with others

Question 8

What is the political role of education?

Answer 8

It teaches pupils to be effective citizens and have social cohesion

It teaches everybody a sense of Britishness and the norms and culture teaching them the voting system of Britain

Question 9

How do Functionalists Believe the political role of school does?

Answer 9

Helps people learn society through education they accept the political system and are able to access their voting rights 

Question 10

What do Marxist believe political role of education does?

Answer 10

Only a certain political opinions of are tolerated and any other political views are ridiculed and rejected this allows the political ideas of the powerful groups to come to be accepted by individuals

Question 11

What is the official curriculum?

Answer 11

Subjects like biology and sciences

Question 12

What is the hidden curriculum?

Answer 12

Learning routines and certain regulations Outside of lessons within schools like when not to talk

Question 13

What are the five important things of the hidden curriculum?

Answer 13

Hierarchy
competition
social control
lack of satisfaction
and gender role allocation

Question 14

How is hierarchy part of the hidden curriculum?

Answer 14

Hierarchy seems to reflect the hierarchy of society and the workplace

such as the headteacher being on the top like the boss and the bottom in the students that look like the employees

Question 15

How is competition part of the hidden curriculum?

Answer 15

It’s extra students to compete with exam results which parallels the workplace for promotions and it prepares children for wider competitive society

Question 16

How to social control prepare children for society?

Answer 16

It teaches them the norms and values went to talk when not to talk and this prepares them for the formal agents of control in society -

It allows them to accept the social control before they go out to wider society

Question 17

How is gender role allocation shown in the hidden curriculum within schools?

Answer 17

Some teachers may expect us to be less good in science-based subjects causing them to not go to Science based careers

and boys dominate the playground with their football games teaching girls that in the wider society in the labour market it’s going to be dominated by men

Question 18

How do you say critics of school explain lack of satisfaction?

Answer 18

School day is taken up by boring and meaningless activities where children

have little to no say following a timetable day in day out and it leads to a sense of practice nurse and boredom-

Teaches them how workplaces may be and also produces in imaginative obedience workforce

Question 19

What was Durkheim’s perspective three things that school did for the role of the education system?

Answer 19

Social solidarity

Society in miniature

Skills for work

Question 20

What did Durkheim say about social solidarity?

Answer 20

The main functions of Schools were to transmit societies norms and values to individuals

Needed all individuals to create social solidarity and see themselves as an individual in the wider societyI’m not for their own selfish aims

It wasn’t enough in the hidden curriculum so it was taught in the history in for more official curriculum where in history class 



Question 21

What did Durkheim say about society in miniature?

Answer 21

That’s good prepared us for wider society that we have to cooperate with people who are not friends or family

School provides us with a set of rules to interact correctly with each other which prepares us for societies rule to associate with people that we have no personal connection to

Question 22

What did Durkheim say about the skills for work?

Answer 22

Durkheim believes that the complex industries in society needed to be taught within school and it provides social solidarity 

Question 23

What are the criticisms of the Durkheim view of schools?

Answer 23

Durkheim assuming that there is shared value in that can be transmitted through education the hidden curriculum this would not work in multicultural societies

Feminist would argue that has been transmitted for a patriarchal society



Question 24

Did what did parson and argue was the five roles of the education system?

Answer 24

Universal values- Prepares children for society with universal values by treating them all the same universal values-Parson argued that this was different to the particularistic values that the family had which may be a ascribed status given to them daughter eldest and judged is that good or bad depending on the value of the family

role allocation- Who was good for sorting people into their right roles and jobs but society through their abilities this was seen as fair and meritocratic

meritocracy- So the students achievements were based on their hard work rather on the social status gender or ethnicity mirrored wider society

value consensus- Value of achievement and the value of equality or opportunity
Children are encouraged to do well in school to benefit wider society

Competition - And children are encouraged to believe that they’re competing with each other on equal terms in the classroom and This allows the higher achievers to be deserving of the high status and the lower achievers to accept the low status as fair

Question 25

What are the criticisms of Parsons with the role of the education system? 3)

Answer 25

Accuse for not seeing whose values are being transmitted via the education system that Marxists believe that these values are from dominant groups in society Feminists argue that the system is not meritocratic that gender can influence achievement Role allocation is criticise that the best qualifications get given to those with the Best financial situation

Question 26

What are The Marxists Bowles and Gintis three main rules of the education system?

Answer 26

1. Correspondence principle relationships and interactions Expected and valued in schools of those expected in the workplace students learn to obey rules and accept hierarchy in schools and motivated for external rewards like exam results which corresponds to increase the pay This leads to motivation as it’s satisfying 2. Subjects are separated and fragmented teaches them how to learn specific jobs for different things Students learn to be competitive through tests and grades leads them to compete for promotions and higher pay which leads to a more positive workforce for The Capitalistic Society 3. The myth of meritocracy School teaches people that they’re gaining stuff equally which prevents them from question the system and that the main factor that actually making them succeed as someone’s income however the system is disguised to make us believe that those with higher incomes deserve to be in the positions as a result of their ability

Question 27

What do Marxists see schools as?

Answer 27

A form of social control creating a obedient and passive work force for the capitalist society teaching ruling class values within shared values

Question 28

Criticisms of Bowles and Gintis !

Answer 28

They seem that students have no free will and passively expect except the values taught in the hidden curriculum however some students reject values of school subcultures -Willis Modern economies are seen requiring different workforces instead of passive and thinking workers business requires creative and independent workers capable of taking responsibility and developing new ideas

Question 29

What aim was set for education?

Answer 29

In 1944 Butler education act

Question 30

What was the aim of the 1944 butler education act?

Answer 30

Allows individuals to develop their talents and abilities in the free states run - Aim to have a meritocratic system based on their own academic ability rather than parents pay

Question 31

What was the result of the 1944 education Butler act?

Answer 31

Tripartite system

Question 32

Explain the tripartite system

Answer 32

There was an 11+ exam that was taken to test ability for potential students there was secondary modern -where its general education for less academic 75% Secondary technical -practical education craft and skills 5% Grammar- academic education 20% of students

Question 33

When was the start of the comprehensive system?

Answer 33

1965

Question 34

What was the comprehensive system?

Answer 34

All students in regardless of academic ability to attend the same type of school

Question 35

Why are comprehensive schools a good idea? 3)

Answer 35

Breaks social barriers everybody together Locational reasons no one is labelled as a failure and it’s fair to late developers Geographical reasons it’s convenient for the catchment area

Question 36

What are the three problems with the comprehensive system?

Answer 36

1. Limited Parentocracy  Less able people in mixed ability groups may not get the help they need Comprehensive schools are seen as a low standards Compared to grammar schools

Question 37

Why do you compare to school is not really breakdown class barriers

Answer 37

Certain courses live in certain areas so the catchment area will just be based in one class Some Schools are not really comprehensive because they stream the students - could be based on class 

Question 38

List of the order of the education system

Answer 38

Preschool - education sure start Centre is set up in working-class areas to give children head start up to 3 to 5 year old Primary education - co-educational boys and girls 5 to 11 years can be free or private sector may be private but fees have to be paid Secondary school education - 11-16 Provided by state by comprehensive schools GCSE Further education - People go to college or sixth form Higher education people go to university and they get degrees A-levels

Question 39

What do people have to decide to do when they turn 16 in the education system?

Answer 39

Remain in school full-time apprenticeship Train for Vocational training for a job

Question 40

Where has the government been committed to raise the number of young people remaining in full time education?

Answer 40

Makes Britain a prosperous and rich economy Needs a highly trained and educated workforce competition college performance voted against recruitment exam results improves sector

Question 41

What is the independent sector made up of?

Answer 41

Be paying schools private schools- you pay a fee and public schools- Old Independent Schools : Eton

Question 42

What percentage of children attend Independent schools?

Answer 42

7%

Question 43

What do you Independent schools not have to teach?

Answer 43

The national curriculum Not funded by the government or owned

Question 44

Why are some Independent schools favoured Over comprehensive schools? 3)

Answer 44

Lower teacher to student ratio so there’s more quality and attention from teachers better facilities academic culture highly motivated

Question 45

Why are some state comprehensive schools favoured over Independent schools? 3)

Answer 45

It’s free it’s not based on ability Social classes are mixed and it leads to Social mobility for poor families do not have to travel far so it’s more cheaper and convenient

Question 46

What are the two alternative routes that are taking by 16-year-olds other than staying in education?

Answer 46

Vocational education and training

Question 47

Why is vocational training good?

Answer 47

Keeps most 16-year-olds within education increasing the potential employees for the economy 

Question 48

What are some criticisms on vocational training?

Answer 48

Gives students a lower status not purely academic locations is it working class children Seen as similar ideas for the tripartite system may be considered as failures and pushed into lower status training

Question 49

What did Illich Argue about education?

Answer 49

School represses children turned on when and when not to talk and rather than developing creative ideas for themselves promote passive conformity and then she failed to conform of questions arose in education he argues that we should do de-schooling which is where school should be abolished and instead encouraged to push your knowledge from smaller neck was at like-minded individuals rather than attend school

Question 50

What could be an alternative to forms of education provision?

Answer 50

Homeschooling teaching the children and child at home rather than in a state or independent school parents or professional tutors could take out a home education

Question 51

What are middle-class students more likely to achieve and study Than working class students ?

Answer 51

More likely to get better results in public examinations and study higher education

Question 52

What did Halsey Heath and Ridge do?

Answer 52

Examined the social class origins of educational destinations of a large sample of men social class based on fathers occupation

Question 53

What was the three classes that Halsey Health and Ridge found?

Answer 53

The service class- high-grade professionals the intermediate class - Clerical workers working class manual workers

Question 54

What did Halsey find evidence of?

Answer 54

Found evidence of social class inequalities a boy from service class compared to working-class boy was four times more likely to be in school

Question 55

What are the reasons for class based differences in achievement?

Answer 55

Material deprivation parental values and expectations -Parents may not go to parents Evening schools not important cultural deprivation -fatalistic more collective working together is stresses rather and individualism - Don’t go to museum say home watch TV on holidays  social deprivation- Lack any social connections that can be at an advantage for academic careers

Question 56

Give examples of material deprivation 3)

Answer 56

Poor housing overcrowding no space to do homework properly WC children Being unable to afford school uniform lead to student been sent home is absent when needs to learn in classroom comes back not knowing anything does bad in exam Maybe unable to afford certain revision guides unable to study properly

Question 57

What is material deprivation?

Answer 57

When somebody lacks the materials to succeed in school

Question 58

Give an example of material capital

Answer 58

Middle-class students having good facilities like computers and quiet spaces to study middle-class parents affording private tutors

Question 59

Why me why can cause children do worse in school then middle-class children due to parental attitudes?

Answer 59

Working-class children have less parental interest support and encouragement and middle-class children

Question 60

Describe cultural capital (eg)

Answer 60

Having the right norms and values that aligns with school to strive and achieve well through hard work Middle-class parents take this to their advantage as they have social cover so as well and they know how to work the system and they may be well qualified to help their children with homework and monitor progress

Question 61

What did Ball Bowe and Gewirtz find out?

Answer 61

The effect of Parentocracyand how it’s caused a competition between schools and the education system which has led to greater inequality

Question 62

What are the few things that Ball Bowe and Gertwirts found has been added to the education system?

Answer 62

League tables they’re ranking of schools progress and it attracts meant to be to parents and able children however this led to cream skimming and slit shifting cream skimming is when schools would only take the best children and leave the harder children and slit shifting is when they were shift all the less able children away from school Open days were held which led to a rise of Parentocracy giving parents more power and more control where their children should go

Question 63

What did the bull argue was created to advantage the middle-class parents to make education less equal?

Answer 63

Marketisation/Margaret Thatcher Conservative – educational reform made education less equal now schools are more concerned with attracting gifted and advantage students help without helping disadvantaged ones

Question 64

What are the three kinds of parents who choose for schools?

Answer 64

Skilled chooses- the book to see the right premises then using negotiating skills And train their children to ensure that they are picked by the best school Semi skilled chooses their working-class parents with the same aspirations but lack the inner knowledge - based decisions on reputations or rumour or what others say Disconnected chooses- Do not value the careers of the child but more of the happiness and the best decisions based on geographical reasons

Question 65

What is the interactionallists perspective on working-class children in education?

Answer 65

Teachers see a middle-class student and WC student they assume that the working class student is low ability and the middle-class students higher ability HALO EFFECT leads to the working class student being streamed in the lower set restricting them from achieving the higher grades the medical student student has this leads to the self-fulfilling prophecy and working-clasS student believes that they are truly Lower ability leading to them to have less motivation within the classroom this leads them to be labelled as lazy and u academic leading to them achieving lower grades as teachers do not bother helping Or giving additional support this leads to the working-class student leaving school with bad qualifications and able to go into higher higher education and get a high-end job unlike the middle-class student

Question 66

What are the positives of streaming and setting?

Answer 66

Students are allocated based on ability which leads to them having the correct help they need without pushing back any of the students 

Question 67

What are the negatives of streaming?

Answer 67

Students may have a low self-esteem within the dumb classes and their confidence may be damaged teachers may give less attention and encouragement to students in lower streams A large proportion of lower streams are from working class

Question 68

How did new labour Raise standards?

Answer 68

Placing schools in special measures Reducing the size of nursery classes Providing nursery spaces for all three and four-year-olds 

Question 69

How did new labour reduce inequality Within schools?

Answer 69

Education maintenance allowance EMA allow students to come to school as they given money to help fund them Aim higher programs for disadvantaged students with talent in school sure start Centre is in disadvantaged backgrounds to give children a Headstart in preschool

Question 70

What are the three new schools new Labour made to increase school activity?

Answer 70

Specialised schools that specialise in certain subjects like technology or medicine Faith schools Academies - schools that were taken out of local authority and passed on to a sponsor or the government

Question 71

What are new style Academies?

Answer 71

Postal academies that were set up in local disadvantage areas that have been given to local authority and renovated They have more control over teachers pay amount of days off and the about of students that they can accept They do not have to follow the national curriculum Can be run by a chain of Academies

Question 72

What is the free school

Answer 72

The school set up by the government but can be taken over by religious group a group of parents or local business have to submit a business plan Can do everything on their own terms

Question 73

What are positives and disadvantages of free schools?

Answer 73

Free schools give parents more choice increasing Parentocracy but may appeal more to middle-class families leading to less social mobility and social class diversity within the school

Question 74

What is pupil premium?

Answer 74

Money given to people to fund them however critics argue that the money may not be used on the pupil but used on school budget

Question 75

What are the two biological things that sociologist think affects our social achievement?

Answer 75

Nature -are genetic’s or nurture -how we were brought up

Question 76

what did lower streams tend to do? What did this lead to

Answer 76

Reject school norms and values causing them to be labelled as failure is causing them to join a subculture while doing uncooperative acts and not following what teachers say allowed students to gain a new status Which help them at high regards towards peers

Question 77

What did Willis investigate?

Answer 77

Sub cultures within school interview 12 working-class lads

Question 78

What did Willis find?

Answer 78

The lads felt superior to teachers and to the conformist students who called them the ‘ear ‘ols ‘ and aimed to ‘had a laff’ They tried to do as little work as possible They saw meritocracy as a myth and we’re trying to enter work as soon as possible leading to them having low manual jobs

Question 79

What did Willis conclude?

Answer 79

That not accepting and creating their own subculture is prepared them for the capitalist it’s society as low manual workers They chose their own subculture other than being socialised into the education one Where is concluded that the education system does not fully cause working cause students to have a lower class jobs It’s partly the result of the students actions

Question 80

Have a single sex schools helping girls?

Answer 80

Helping girls achieve more within the classroom of male dominated subjects The removal of men leads to school being less disruptive

Question 81

What did Harris find about me boys doing worse in school than girls?

Answer 81

Boys are struggling from low self-esteem as they view being smart is a geeky they lack time management and organisation the lack more support Girls are more future realistic and have enough time to dedicate to homework

Question 82

What did moir and moir find out About girls achieving really well?

Answer 82

Schools have become more girl friendly nonverbally in a non-competitive environment this makes it hard for boys to learn

Question 83

What does Katz argue is the Reason for boys underachieving girls?

Answer 83

Image of incompetent men in advertising and the media decline of men in traditional masculine jobs peerpressure of being ridiculed for trying in class

Question 84

What does James think about girls overachieving boys?

Answer 84

Girls have reassessed the position in society whereas boys are confused on Where they now stand and what is ‘masculine’

Question 85

Tell me the ranking of ethnic groups within education

Answer 85

Chinese Indian White Pakistani Bangladeshi black Caribbean gypsy

Question 86

What are the issues of using ethnicity to rank achievement in education?

Answer 86

Too general There may be other reasons like social class

Question 87

How can social ?class background affect achievement

Answer 87

Reid found out that 70% of Pakistani live in poverty - material deprivation It’s also may have been the resources offered to ethnic minority groups while entering Britain this will lead to doubling up Factors that concluding that ethnicity may not be the only reason

Question 88

How many cultural differences affected the achievement of ethnic minorities?

Answer 88

May be unable to speak English reset them back may not be motivated as they are in ethnocentric curriculum based on European white culture may feel devalue meant in school into under achievement

Question 89

How many parental attitudes towards education and ethnic minorities affect the achievement?

Answer 89

Black Caribbean parents feel worried for their children so they sent them to Sunday school Indian parents put a lot of pressure on the kids to do well Asian parents may be badly educated themselves but they feel a drive to educate their children however this lack of knowledge may lead to a gap and a strain leading to a difficulty to understand their children’s lives

Question 90

What are the three things that can affect an ethnic minorities achievement in school (Internal reasons)

Answer 90

Type of school Labelling from teachers Ethnocentric curriculum

Question 91

What are the external reasons for Ethnic minority achievement?

Answer 91

Parental expectations home And social class background cultural differences

Question 92

How can the type of schools attended lead to ethnicity achievement?

Answer 92

Comprehensive schools with all of the same ethnicities no labelling equal chances Meritocratic 

Question 93

How may labelling of students need to know achievement of ethnic minorities ? (Critic?)

Answer 93

Maybe stereotyped as bad Afro-Caribbean - Good Asian person Hallo affect for self-fulfilling prophecy Mirza- Black African girls reject the negative stereotypes given about them

Question 94

What are the middle-class values?

Answer 94

Desired to control their own lives emphasis on future planning deferred gratification- Able to make sacrifices now for future plans - Like time and money Individual Success is stressed by own efforts individuals will improve their own position

Question 95

What is working-class values?

Answer 95

Passive and fatalistic acceptance of others being in control Emphasis upon present or past Present gratification -living for the moment with little attempt to plan for future Collective action stressed what can cause people achieve improvements by sticking together