Social Psychology PR Chap. 6

Question 1

What is self-reference effect?

Answer 1

The ability to better remember information that is relevant to ourselves.

Question 2

Who is Carl Rogers?

Answer 2

He is the founder of humanistic psychology (understanding of personality and relationships)
Composed of ideal self & real self
Ideal self is the person you ought to be (often an impossible standard)
Real self is who you are
When your real self falls short of the ideal self —> incongruity:

Question 3

What is self-esteem?

Answer 3

Someone’s own grading of their self worth. Is related to which parts of identity that person values. (Pg. 119 of PR)

Question 4

Who is Charles Cooley?

Answer 4

He is an American sociologist, who proposed the looking glass self.
- people shape their self concept based on their understanding of how others perceive them
-begins at an early age and continues throughout life

Question 5

Who is George Herbert mead?

Answer 5

Developed the idea of social behaviourism
- the mind and self emerge through the communication with others

Characterized the ‘me’ and the ‘I’. (The MEad and the I)
Me, is the social self (self as object)
I, is the response of the individual to the attitudes of others (self as subject)

Question 6

What is the generalized other?

Answer 6

The common behavioural expectations of general society

Question 7

Socialization

Answer 7

Where people learn to be proficient and functional members of society

Question 8

What are Sanctions ?

Answer 8

Sanctions can be rewards or punishments for behaviours that are in accordance with or against norms

Question 9

What are Mores? And what are folkways?

Answer 9

Mores are Norms that are HIGHLY important!

Folkways are norms that are less important but shape our everyday behaviour (ways of greeting)

Question 10

What is the term for normlessness in society

Answer 10

Anomie - the social condition where individuals are not provided guidance in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidances or social ethics

Question 11

What is Edwin Southerland’s DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION?

Answer 11

His perspective is that deviance is a learned behaviour from interactions between individuals and their communities.
The individual participates in communities that condone this behaviour and thus it becomes easier for them
(Who you associate yourself with is different from the societies norms/values - deviant)
Fails to consider independence of individuals

Question 12

What is labeling theory ? And how does self fulfilling prophecy fit in?

Answer 12

Deviance is a result of societies response to a person or group, rather than something inherent in the persons actions. Behaviours become deviant through social process. Prospective on deviance and labels get applied to certain individuals or groups regardless of behaviour.

Negative labels can have consequences for both our perception of someone and the persons self perception of themselves
People may begin to act more defiantly to meet societies expectations of them

Question 13

What is structural strain theory?

Answer 13

This in terms of deviance. Deviance is a result of experienced strain - either individual or structural

Question 14

What is Amalgamation?

Answer 14

Is when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group
A + B + C = D

Question 15

What is another name for multiculturalism?/

Answer 15

Pluralism - endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions
Melting pot rather than hierarchy

Question 16

Dispositional attribution vs situational attribution?

Answer 16

Think driving examples
Dispositional (internal factors)
Situational (external factors)

Question 17

What is the attribution error?

Answer 17

When we underestimate the impact of a situation on behaviour and overestimate the impact of a persons character
(Assume people are how they act)

Question 18

What is the actor observer bias?

Answer 18

Blaming our actions more often on the situation rather than internal causes.
If I cut someone off it’s because I had good reason

Question 19

When we attribute success to ourselves and our failures to external factors

Answer 19

What is self-serving bias

Question 20

When we believe bad things should happen to other people but not to ourselves.

Answer 20

What is optimism bias

Question 21

We believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

Answer 21

Just world phenomenon

Question 22

What is the halo effect?

Answer 22

We believe people have inherently good or bad natures

Question 23

Understanding of others in our social world

Answer 23

What is social perception?

Question 24

What is social cognition?

Answer 24

Ability for our brain to store and process information regarding social perception

Question 25

When we believe everyone agrees with what we do.

Answer 25

What is a false consensus?

Question 26

When we believe everyone has the same beliefs as we do.

Answer 26

What is projection bias?

Question 27

What is prejudice?

Answer 27

The thoughts, attitudes and beliefs we have about groups that are not built from personal experience (biased). We may not even be aware of prejudice.

Question 28

What is affirmative action?

Answer 28

Attempts to limit discrimination. Policies that take factors like race and gender into consideration to benefit underrepresented groups.

Question 29

Discriminating against the majority

Answer 29

What is Reverse discrimination ?

Question 30

What is illusory correlation?

Answer 30

Example - all black people are great athletes. Have you seen Michael Jordan….
An incorrect correlation based on the characteristics of a unique few

Question 31

When people are affected by stereotypes others have about a group they are apart of.
Example - males are better at math. If females do math problems in the presence of males also doing those math problems and are aware of that stereotype ], they will likely do worse on those problems than if they completed them in an isolated setting

Answer 31

What is stereotype threat

Question 32

Utilitarian organization

Answer 32

Members get paid for their efforts

Question 33

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 33

Defined by number of offspring, how it supports its offspring and how it’s offspring support others in the group

Question 34

Elaboration likelihood model
Central route vs peripheral routes

Answer 34

Elaboration likelihood model (EL)- when people will be influenced by the content of a speech and when people will be influenced by the superficial aspects of the speech
Central route it people focus on the content of the argument (EL argues that people will only be influenced through central route when they are interested in the topic and they are not distracted). People persuaded by central route will have longer lasting effects
Peripheral route is where people focus on the superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the orator (EL argues that if the conditions for central route are not met people will be more influenced by the peripheral route)

Question 35

A persons behaviours both influences and is influenced by personal factors and environment

Answer 35

Reciprocal determinism

Question 36

The introductions of an exogenous gene or outside gene (knockout gene)

Answer 36

Transgenesis

Question 37

Another name for role residual - when several aspects persist for an individual from their ex-role even have they have completed the exiting process to their newly formed identity

Answer 37

Hangover identity