Social Psychology (Chapter 13)

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

Study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Question 2

Frustration–aggression hypothesis

Answer 2

States that all animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

Question 3

Different conflicts leading to aggression:

Answer 3

Approach-approach conflict — two pleasing goals
Approach-avoidance conflict — both pleasant and unpleasant outcomes for the same goal
Avoidance-avoidance conflict — two unpleasant goals

Question 4

Superordinate goal

Answer 4

Goal that can be attained only if the members of different groups work together

Question 5

The prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 5

Two players acting selfishly will ultimately result in suboptimal choice for both

Question 6

Group

Answer 6

Collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

Question 7

Prejudice

Answer 7

Positive or negative evaluation of another person based on group membership

Question 8

Group polarization

Answer 8

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

Question 9

Groupthink

Answer 9

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

Question 10

Deindividuation

Answer 10

Occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

Question 11

Social facilitation

Answer 11

Presence of others generally enhances performance

Question 12

Social loafing

Answer 12

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than they would individually

Question 13

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 13

The more people in an emergency, the less personally responsible each individual feels

Question 14

Bystander effect/Bystander apathy

Answer 14

Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 15

Altruism

Answer 15

Unselfish behavior that provides benefit to others at some cost to the individual

Question 16

Reciprocity norm

Answer 16

Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 17

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 17

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Question 18

Homophily

Answer 18

Tendency of people to like people who are similar to themselves

Question 19

Factors affecting attraction

Answer 19

Proximity (mere exposure effect)
Physical attractiveness (people find symmetrical faces more attractive)
Similarity of attitudes and interests (matching principle)

Question 20

Halo effect

Answer 20

An impression created in one area (ex. physical appearance) will influence opinion in another area (ex. character)

Question 21

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 21

We attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions, but blame negative results to external factors unrelated to our character

Question 22

Just-World Hypothesis

Answer 22

The idea that the world is a fair and orderly place where what happens to people generally is what they deserve

Question 23

Overjustification effect

Answer 23

Expected reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior (professional singers don’t sing just to relax)

Question 24

Reactance

Answer 24

An unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced

Question 25

Social script

Answer 25

knowledge about a series of behaviors, actions, and consequences that are expected in a particular situation or environment

Question 26

Fundamental attribution error (Richard Nisbett)

Answer 26

Observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors.

Question 27

Actor-observer bias

Answer 27

Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviors of others

Question 28

Attribution Theory

Answer 28

Explaining the internal (by person) or external (by situation) causes of people’s behavior

Question 29

Peripheral route/ heuristic persuasion

Answer 29

Attention-getting cues to try to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes (celebrity endorsements)

Question 30

Central route/ systematic persuasion

Answer 30

Evidence and arguments to trigger careful thinking and thoughtful responses; uses data and facts (logic)

Question 31

Normative social influence

Answer 31

we conform to gain social approval or to avoid rejection

Question 32

Informational social influence

Answer 32

we conform because we like to be accurate, we accept others’ opinions as new information

Question 33

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 33

People agreeing to a small request will find it easier to agree later to a larger one

Question 34

Door-in-the-Face Technique

Answer 34

Enhancing compliance by making an extreme initial request followed by a more moderate target request

Question 35

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 35

Conflict one has when their actions do not match their beliefs