Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

Temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action

Question 2

Feelings

Answer 2

Subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations, thoughts, or images evoking them.

Question 3

Appraisals

Answer 3

Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

Question 4

Action tendencies

Answer 4

Readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors

Question 5

Dimensions of emotion

Answer 5

Positive valence - low arousal: pleasant relaxation
Positive valence - high arousal: joy
Negative valence - low arousal: sadness
Negative valence - high arousal: fear/anger

Question 6

Mere exposure effect

Answer 6

The finding that individuals show an increased preference (or liking) for a stimulus as a consequence of repeated exposure to that stimulus

Question 7

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 7

Stimuli trigger in the ANS which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

Question 8

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 8

Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the ANS and emotional experience in the brain

Question 9

Two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 9

Stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion

Question 10

Zajonc/LeDoux of emotion

Answer 10

Emotions crucial for survival are quickly activated through a fast pathway, other emotions go through a slow pathway

Question 11

Lazarus theory of emotion

Answer 11

A person must first think about a potentially stressful stimulus before experiencing any emotions (emotional response depends on the person’s appraisal of the situation)

Question 12

Facial feedback effect*

Answer 12

Facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and signal our body to respond accordingly

Question 13

Universality hypothesis*

Answer 13

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone (Darwin)

Question 14

Display rules*

Answer 14

Norms for the control of appropriate emotional expression

Question 15

Moebius syndrome*

Answer 15

Rare birth defect caused by the absence or underdevelopment of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves which control eye movements and facial expression

Question 16

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (humanistic theory of motivation)

Answer 16

Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualizing needs

Question 17

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 17

There is an empirical relationship between arousal and performance

Question 18

Motivation

Answer 18

Inferred process that energizes and directs behavior

Question 19

Evolutionary theory of motivation

Answer 19

Instinct is an innate, species-specific biological force that impels an organism to do something

Question 20

Arousal theory of motivation

Answer 20

Motivated to seek right levels of stimulation. – People experience both high and low levels of arousal as unpleasant (sensation seeking inventory)

Question 21

Drive-reduction theory of motivation

Answer 21

A state of readiness; internal state generated by departures from the physiological optimality (homeostasis)

Question 22

Incentive theory of motivation

Answer 22

Goal attainment – extrinsic/external motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward and intrinsic/internal motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Question 23

Hedonic principle*

Answer 23

Notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain (Plato & Aristotle)

Question 24

Emotional regulation

Answer 24

Use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience

Question 25

Reappraisal

Answer 25

Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus

Question 26

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Answer 26

stimulation induces eating

Question 27

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM)

Answer 27

stimulation inhibits eating

Question 28

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 28

collection of neurons in the lateral border of hypothalamus crucial for the maintenance of energy homeostasis; contain appetite suppressing (satiety) and appetite stimulating (hunger) neurons

Question 29

Set point

Answer 29

An individual’s genetically influenced weight range that is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism

Question 30

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 30

Body’s resting rate of energy output (varies on age, gender, muscle mass, hormones, stress, fitness, etc)

Question 31

Cause of obesity

Answer 31

High heritability/personality traits
Environmental toxins
Excess bacteria in gut
Wear-and-tear of hippocampus
Inherited resistance to leptin

Question 32

Insulin

Answer 32

Hormone secreted by pancreas that controls blood glucose

Question 33

Leptin

Answer 33

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells. Causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Question 34

Ghrelin

Answer 34

Involves hunger-arousing hormones secreted by empty stomach

Question 35

Need for affiliation

Answer 35

Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people (need to belong affects thoughts, emotions, and feelings)

Question 36

Positive psychology

Answer 36

Promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Question 37

Subject well-being (SWB)

Answer 37

A person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of one’s life

Question 38

Avoidance-avoidance stress

Answer 38

Being forced to choose between two options that are both undesirable

Question 39

Approach-avoidance stress

Answer 39

One goal that has both positive and negative effects. Simultaneously appealing and unappealing

Question 40

Approach-approach stress

Answer 40

Being forced to choose between two options that are both desirable and unstressful.