Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
Emotions
Temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action
Feelings
Subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations, thoughts, or images evoking them.
Appraisals
Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event
Action tendencies
Readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors
Dimensions of emotion
Positive valence - low arousal: pleasant relaxation
Positive valence - high arousal: joy
Negative valence - low arousal: sadness
Negative valence - high arousal: fear/anger
Mere exposure effect
The finding that individuals show an increased preference (or liking) for a stimulus as a consequence of repeated exposure to that stimulus
James-Lange theory of emotion
Stimuli trigger in the ANS which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the ANS and emotional experience in the brain
Two-factor theory of emotion
Stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion
Zajonc/LeDoux of emotion
Emotions crucial for survival are quickly activated through a fast pathway, other emotions go through a slow pathway
Lazarus theory of emotion
A person must first think about a potentially stressful stimulus before experiencing any emotions (emotional response depends on the person’s appraisal of the situation)
Facial feedback effect*
Facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and signal our body to respond accordingly
Universality hypothesis*
Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone (Darwin)
Display rules*
Norms for the control of appropriate emotional expression
Moebius syndrome*
Rare birth defect caused by the absence or underdevelopment of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves which control eye movements and facial expression
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (humanistic theory of motivation)
Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualizing needs
Yerkes-Dodson law
There is an empirical relationship between arousal and performance
Motivation
Inferred process that energizes and directs behavior
Evolutionary theory of motivation
Instinct is an innate, species-specific biological force that impels an organism to do something
Arousal theory of motivation
Motivated to seek right levels of stimulation. – People experience both high and low levels of arousal as unpleasant (sensation seeking inventory)
Drive-reduction theory of motivation
A state of readiness; internal state generated by departures from the physiological optimality (homeostasis)
Incentive theory of motivation
Goal attainment – extrinsic/external motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward and intrinsic/internal motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
Hedonic principle*
Notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain (Plato & Aristotle)
Emotional regulation
Use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience
Reappraisal
Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
stimulation induces eating
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM)
stimulation inhibits eating
Arcuate nucleus
collection of neurons in the lateral border of hypothalamus crucial for the maintenance of energy homeostasis; contain appetite suppressing (satiety) and appetite stimulating (hunger) neurons
Set point
An individual’s genetically influenced weight range that is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism
Basal metabolic rate
Body’s resting rate of energy output (varies on age, gender, muscle mass, hormones, stress, fitness, etc)
Cause of obesity
High heritability/personality traits
Environmental toxins
Excess bacteria in gut
Wear-and-tear of hippocampus
Inherited resistance to leptin
Insulin
Hormone secreted by pancreas that controls blood glucose
Leptin
Protein hormone secreted by fat cells. Causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
Ghrelin
Involves hunger-arousing hormones secreted by empty stomach
Need for affiliation
Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people (need to belong affects thoughts, emotions, and feelings)
Positive psychology
Promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Subject well-being (SWB)
A person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of one’s life
Avoidance-avoidance stress
Being forced to choose between two options that are both undesirable
Approach-avoidance stress
One goal that has both positive and negative effects. Simultaneously appealing and unappealing
Approach-approach stress
Being forced to choose between two options that are both desirable and unstressful.
