Memory (Chapter 6)

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

Long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 2

Holds information up to yeas later; has no known capacity limits

Question 3

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 3

Storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute (about 7 items)

Question 4

Working memory

Answer 4

STM storage that actively maintains information

Question 5

Working memory model

Answer 5

active maintenance of info in short-term storage; visuo-spacial sketchpad & phonological loop coded by episodic buffer

Question 6

Rehearsal

Answer 6

Keeping info in STM by repeating it mentally

Question 7

Chunking

Answer 7

Combining small pieces of information into larger chunks that are more easily held in STM

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

Transforming what we think, feel, or perceive into an enduring memory

Question 9

Semantic encoding

Answer 9

Actively relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory

Question 10

Visual encoding

Answer 10

Storing new info by converting it into mental images

Question 11

Organizational encoding

Answer 11

Categorizing information according to relationships among a series of items (grouping items together)

Question 12

Explicit memory

Answer 12

Consciously/intentionally retrieving past experiences

Question 13

Implicit memory

Answer 13

The influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort or awareness of recollection (ex: muscle memory)

Question 14

Storage

Answer 14

Maintaining information in memory over time

Question 15

Sensory storage

Answer 15

Storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

Question 16

Iconic memory

Answer 16

fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 17

Echoic memory

Answer 17

Fast-decaying store of audio information

Question 18

Consolidation

Answer 18

Process by which memories become stable in the brain (enter LTM)

Question 19

Retrieval

Answer 19

Bringing to mind information that has been previously stored

Question 20

Reconsolidation

Answer 20

Following recollection of a memory, it must once again be stabilized in the brain (return to LTM)

Question 21

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 21

Inability to transfer new info from STM into LTM

Question 22

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 22

Inability to retrieve information before a particular date (usually the date of an injury or operation)

Question 23

Synapses between neurons between neurons (in hippocampus) do what?

Answer 23

Strengthen memories

Question 24

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 24

Process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

Question 25

Karl Lashley concluded that…

Answer 25

Memories are spread all over the cerebral cortex, throughout the tissue

Question 26

NMDA receptor

Question 27

Serial position effect

Answer 27

We best remember the first and last items in a series and find it hard to remember the middle items

Question 28

Hippocampus role

Answer 28

Formation of new explicit memories

Question 29

Mnemonic device

Answer 29

Strategies and tricks for improving memory