Social Psychology Flashcards
self-awareness
awareness of one’s self
personal identity
one’s own sense of personal attributes
self-verification theory
individuals want to be understood in terms of their deeply held core beliefs
positive vs negative self-concept
ideal self and real self
Three major things that influence self-concept
self-efficacy = belief of how good they are at a specific thing
locus of control = internal locus (I am in control of the outcome, so my actions count), external (my actions are useless so I can’t change the outcome)
Note: learned helplessness = in a specific situation they experienced the inability to change the outcome, and this belief gets generalized
self-esteem = how an individual views their self-worth, generally based on aspects they find important to them
George Herbert Mead
Social behaviorism = the mind and self emerge from communicating with others (start of symbolic interactions)
Preparatory stage: children imitate others
Game stage: children learn the role of others and understand the responsibility of each role
“me” vs “I”
Me = How they see “me”; so the belief of how others see them
I = How “I” see myself; how the person see themselve
sanctions
reward or punishment for behaviors against or following the norm
Types of norms
Formal norm/mores: written down and enforced
Informal norms/folkways: not written down but generally understood
Taboo: behavior so against norm it is deemed as forbidden (may or may not be enforced)
anomie (normlessness)
Created by Durkheim
Means, social conditions which there lacks guidelines of norms and values.
Leads to less social cohesive society
Differential association
The idea that deviance is learned through interaction with individual and community, as the process of deviant behavior involves rationalizations and learning techniques of deviance.
Note: Learning is dependent on the frequency and intensity of the interaction
Criticism: Does not factor in individual characteristics and experiences
Labeling Theory
People are reduced to the role they are labeled as. Their deviant action is promoted by self-fullfiling prophecies.
Criticism: Deviance is assumed to be an automatic process, and humans lack ability to resist social expectations
Power and deviance’s intersection
agent of social control = people with higher status able to create laws and regulates that determine who/what is deviant and what is normal
Structural strain theory
Use of deviant method to achieve the ideal life because the social structure fails to provide adequate opportunity to achieve that life
Structural strain theory
Use of deviant method to achieve the ideal life because the social structure fails to provide adequate opportunity to achieve that life
Criticism: criminal behavior that does not promote wealth are present like murder
4 main forms of collective behavior
Crowds: groups that share a purpose
- causal crowd = spontaneous formation and little interaction
- action crowd = gather for a specific goal
- conventional crowd = gathered for a goal
- expressive crowd = gather to express emotion
Publics: a group of individuals discussing a single issue, and it is planned (so there is a time of when it begins to when it ends)
Masses: a group whose information is prompted through effort of mass media
Social movements: with the intent to promote change
- active movements = attempt to create social change
- expressive movements = create individual changes
A fad
A collective behavior where comes and goes (become very popular but for a brief time and then forgotten)
Note: trends not fad, as trend are long lasting
Mass hysteria
Irrational collective behavior, causes by delusion of some threat that spreads through emotion
Agents of socialization
Family- first agent of socialization School- explicitly teach children norm and values Peer Group- Workplace- Religion/Government- Mass Media/Technology-
Assimilation vs Amalgamation
Assimilation = minorities trying to become part of the majority group by changing its culture
Amalgamation = majority and minority groups form a new group
Kohlberg’ stages of moral development
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation
= How can I avoid punishment
Stage 2: Self-interest orientation
= What is in it for me?
Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity
= What will make others like me?
Stage 4: Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
=What am I suppose to do to help maintain order?
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
=The greatest good for the greatest number of people
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles
=Morality is based on abstract reasoning
Attributional theory
Dispositional = internal causes
Situational = external causes
3 Factors that determine internal or external attribution
1) consistency: Does this happen in every situation?
2) Distinctiveness: Is the behavior only towards one individual or everyone?
3) Consensus: Is everyone acting like this or just that person?
Prejudice vs discrimination and racism
Prejudice = attitude and belief Discrimination = actions based on attitude and belief Racism = discrimination based on race or ethnicity
Institutional discrimination
Discrimination practices employed by organizations that have been codified into operating procedures
Institutional discrimination
Discrimination practices employed by organizations that have been codified into operating procedures
Factors that play into prejudice
Emotion- often a displacement of frustration in an attempt to achieve something
behavior
cognition- we tend to group similarities together so there is a predisposition for human beings to stereotype people
Self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes that lead an individual to align with it in the end because they believe in it
stereotype threat
Fearing of aligning with stereotype leading to poor performance
Groups
primary groups = long-term, personal, and emotional way; satisfy emotional needs
secondary groups = short-term, impersonal engagement; for pragmatic needs
In vs Out-group
In groups = people you think make up who you are; generally viewed in a positive light
Out-group = people you see that are different from you, and your friend group; sometimes viewed in a negative light
reference group
The standard measure you compare yourself to
Dyad vs triad
In terms of group size, dyad is more stable than triad but requires active cooperation and participation
Draw backs in bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is an administrative body and the process in which they accomplish tasks, which is done by dividing labor
1) workers follow a set of the procedure so hard to make changes when there is a need to adapt
2) workers become overly attach to their individual task and lose sight of the organizational mission as a whole
3) workers become attached to procedure and lack flexibility
Deindividuation
In situations where there is high arousal and low sense of responsibility, they will act in ways that are not themselves to satisfy group/mob mentality
Factors that promote deindividuation
1) Group size = bigger groups
2) Physical anonymity = face mask, mask, whatever makes them feel anonymous to the public
3) Arousing activity: there is a gradual escalation to a highly stimulating activity (can’t just be very stimulating right away)
Factors that cause group polarization
1) Informational influence = most common idea to emerge are the ones most favored
2) Normative influence = people want to conform and be accepted
Stigma
negative labels put on groups due to physical or behavioral deviance
Groupthink
A group that lacks productive debate and instead everyone goes with the flow
mind guarding = preventing opposite information from being said
Stanley Milgram’s Obedience involving fake shocks.
3 factors behavior may be motivated by social influence
1) compliant behavior = motivated by desire to seek reward or avoid punishment
2) identification behavior = motivated by desire to be liked
3) internalization behavior = motivated by belief and value integrated into individual
Factors that influence conformity
1) group size = 3-5 people enough to create conformity
2) unanimity = pressure to not dissent with everyone else agrees
3) cohesion = more likely to support group decision if there is someone the favor in the group
4) status = person agreeing is someone with power
5) accountability = people conform more when they have to respond in front of others
6) no prior commitment = once they made a public statement they tend to stick to it
Ideal bureaucracy
- covers fixed area of activity
- hierarchically organized
- workers have expert training in an area of specialty
- organizational rank is impersonal, and advancement depends on technical qualifications rather than favoritism
- workers follow set of procedure to increase predictability and efficiency
Hindsight bias, halo effect, physical attractiveness stereotype
hindsight bias = knew-it-all-along effect
halo effect = belief that people are inherently good
physical attractiveness stereotype = people that are good looking are good people
The idea of “self”
Self is composed of personal and social construction
ADRESSING
Age, Disability, Race, Ethnicity, Sex, SES, Indigenous background, National Origin, Gender
self-reference effect
The tendency to remember better information that is relevant to self
Identity vs role confusion stage
Adolescents try to figure out who they are and form basic identities that will build on throughout the rest of their life
looking-glass self
idea that person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and perceptions of others
Deviance/non-normative behavior
Actions that are against the norm
Effects of deviance in social functions
It reinforces and affirms social norms and values
False consensus and projection bias
False consensus = thinking that people agree with your our actions
Projection bias = same as false consensus but is believes instead of actions
social perception and cognition
Social perception = information we process regarding a person to understand their mindset and action; how we judge others
Social Cognition = ability to store and process information regarding our social perceptions
Rationalization
Process in which tasks are broken down into components to be efficiently accomplished
Social facilitation vs social loafing
One is the improvement of performance in presences of others, and social loafing is decrease in performance
5 factors of social interaction
social roles:
- role conflict = conflicit between mutliple status held by same person
- role strain = conflict within one status
statuses:
-master status = dominating social position the person contains, determines that person’s position in society
-ascribed status = given to the person regardless of effort
-acheive status = position that is earned
groups
social networks:
organizations:
Utilitarian organizations = members paid for their efforts
Normative organizations = membership based on morally relevant go like AA groups
Coercive organizations = joining but not by choice (ex. prison)
