Sensation, Perception, and Cognition Flashcards
exteroreceptor vs. interoceptors
One detects stimuli from outside, and one detects stimuli from within
Mechanoreceptors (ex.?)
respond to mechanical disturbance like pressure (ex. Pacinian corpuscles [onion shaped], auditory hair cells [in cochlea], vestibular hair cells [in semicircular canal])
chemoreceptors (ex.?)
respond to particular chemicals (ex. olfactory, gustatory [taste buds] receptors)
Nociceptors [referred pain?]
respond to injuries internal and external by producing feeling of pain. Autonomic pain is not specific, so feels dull and regional
referred pain = when pain is felt on the skin from autonomic damage as nerves cross path with somatic afferents from the skin.
Note: DO NOT adapt
thermoreceptors (3 categories)
stimulated by changes in temperature. 3 categories included cold-sensitive, warm-sensitive and thermal nociceptors
electromagnetic receptors (ex.?)
photoreceptors (rods =black/white, cones=color)
How to improve localization of stimuli? Discrimination occurs via?
Localization is improved when receptive fields overlap (like venn diagram). Discrimination is detected through lateral inhibition
adaptation
Getting used to a stimulus. Response only reactivates when stimuli changes
ex. radio noise becomes background, and only sudden changes in the volume bring your attention back to radio.
proprioceptors/kinesthetic sense
Aware of where your limbs are through monitoring muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint capsule receptors
the 5 flavors distinguished by taste buds?
sweet (glucose), salty (na+), bitter (basic), sour (acidic), umami (aa & nucleotides)
Good and bad smell
entirely learned, there is no universal bad smell
Sense of balance monitored by?
semicircular canal, saccules and utricles
organ of corti
structure that contains the hair cells
pitch and loudness
pitch = frequency, where low frequency distinguished by the apex of basilar membrane (narrow and floppy), and high frequency is at the base of the near oval window
loudness = amplitude of vibration
vestibular complex monitors what?
Both static equilibrium and linear acceleration which contributes to sense of balance
structure of the eye?
anterior chamber (aqueous humor) = cornea pupil and iris divide the anterior and posterior chamber posterior chamber = lens & ciliary muscle vitreous chamber = retina, fovea (cones only), optic disc
opsin and retinal? How we see light?
cones & rods are always polarized in the dark, and release glutamate which inhibits the bipolar cells it synapses to (bipolar = 1 axon and dendrite, dipolar connect to ganglion cells, which form optic nerve)
Cones and rods contain protein called opsin, which is bound to a molecule called retinal; retinal has trans bond and cis bond, and when light hits, it turns to all trans bound which inhibit the photoreceptors, so bipolar cells no longer inhibited and fires to optic nerve
myopia & hyperopia? How to fix each?
myopia (nearsightedness) = focal point too early, so fix with concave
hyperopia (farsightedness) = focal point too far, so fix with convex
depth perception
An innate property that allows us to judge distance with great accuracy
Binocular Cues
Using info. recieved from both eyes to judge depth of object:
Retinal disparity: brain compares images projected onto both retina to compare distance. The greater the disparity between the two images on each retina the closer the object is.
Convergence: extent at which eyes turn inward when looking at an object
Monocular Cues
Judging depth by info. on one eye alone
Relative size: More distance object look smaller than the same object closer in
Interposition: if one object blocks the view of another, it is closer
relative clarity: closer objects look clearer
texture gradient: distinct texture to a indistinct fine texture means there is an increase in distance
Relative height: objects higher on visual field = more distant
relative motion: objects closer move faster than objects are farther away as you are in motion
linear perspective:: parallel lines seem to converge at a distance
light and shadow: objects farther away look darker than the same object closer by
Absolute threshold
minimum stimulus intensity to activate 50% of sensory receptor
Gestalt psychology principles
emergence: looking at an outline to figure out the whole of the object
multistability: perception interchange between an ambiguous object
laws of grouping:
law of proximity- things near each other are seen as a whole
law of similarity-things alike are seen as a whole
law of continuity- we percieve smooth continuous lines other than disjointed ones
law of closure- perceive things as a complete logical entity and fill in the missing info.
law of common fate- things in synchrony are perceived as a whole
law of connectedness- things linked together are viewed as a whole
Cocktail party effect
Information of personal importance catches your attention from background
Anne Treisman’s Attenuation Model
Sensory information does not decay but becomes dailed down instead, so takes into effect of the cocktail party effect.
selective priming
Things that you have previously seen or encountered makes them more noticeable/easier to notice the next time.
visual attention & binding problem
Visual attention means when we focus solely on one object, our feature detector neurons input shape, color onto the object only and not the background.
Baddley Model of Working Memory
central executive = oversee the entire process of phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological loop = repeat verbal info. and store into long term memory
visuospatial sketpad = store info. through mental images
episodic buffer = integration of both Visio. and phono. and create an episode
