Culture, Demographics, and Social Inequality Flashcards
material culture
physical objects
non-material culture
social thoughts/ideas, like values
popular culture
features of culture that appeal to the masses
high culture
describes features often limited to consumption of the elite
values
culture’s standard for evaluating what is good or bad
beliefs
convictions or principles that people hold
norms
visible and invisible rules of social conduct
cultural competence
effective interaction between people from different culture
culture shock
disorientation as a result of an individual being subjected to alternative cultures
sociocultural evolution
set of theories describing the processes through which societies and culture have progressed over time
crude birth rate
annual number of births per 1000 people in a population
crude death rate
same as CBR but for death
rate of population change
difference between CBR and CDR
age-specific birth/death rate
annual number of births or deaths per 1000 person in age group
general fertility rate
annual number of births per 1000 women in a population
total fertility rate
total number births per single woman in a population
replacement fertility rate
fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced
sub-replacement fertility rate
where death exceed birth leading to unsustainability
population momentum
period of where high fertility rate leading to those children reproducing
mortality
death rate in a population
morbidity
refers to nature and extent of disease in a population
case fatality rate
measures of death as the result of set of diagnosis or procedure
external migration
referred to as cross-border/international movement
internal migration
movement within country
involuntary migration/forced migration
movement due to external factors that pose a threat to the individual in their original environment
colonization
migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over a foreign state
push factors
negative factors of the original environment that lead to migration
pull factors
appealing aspects of target country that leads to migration to that country
urban sprawl
migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas
urban blight
less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline
gentrification
renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal
social aging
biological changes in a multidimensional process in which individuals experience complex emotional and social changes
gender roles
describes the social and behavioral expectations for men and women
gender expression
external manifestation of these roles
gender schema theory
study of how gender beliefs become socialized in a society
race
description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristic
ethnicity
cultural rather than biological
ethnogenesis
social process that results in the creation of separate ethnicities
racialization/ethnicization
social process in which the dominant group ascribes racial or ethnic identities to a group that do not relate to those labels
heteronromative beliefs
enforce strict gender roles and involves prejudice and discrimination against non-heterosexual individuals
globalization
the process of the increasing interdependence of societies and connections between people across the world
economic interdependence
division of labor on a global scale
outsourcing
the contracting of third parties for specific operations
relative deprivation
conscious experience of individual or group that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that’s are seen as appropriate to their social position
social stratification
the way that people are categorized in society
meritocracy
stratification system that uses merit (personal effort) to establish social standing
socioeconomic status (SES)
terms of power (ability to get other people to do something), property (sum f possessions and income), and prestige (reputation in society)
social mobility
ability to move up or down within the social stratification system
intrageneration mobility
difference in social class between different members of the same generation
social reproduction
the structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality from one general to the next
cultural capital
non-financial social assets that promote social mobility
social capital
potential for social network to allow for upward social mobility
global stratification
compares wealth, economic stability, and power of various countries
relative poverty
inability to meet the average standard of living within
absolute poverty
inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities
marginal poverty
lack of stable employment
structural poverty
due to underlying and pervasive effects of the society’s institutions
health care disparities
the population-specific difference in the presence of disease, health outcomes, and quality of health care across difference social groups
gender bias
when women and men receive different treatment for the same disease or illness
gender bias
when women and men receive different treatment for the same disease or illness
Racial Formation perspective
The idea that race is a social construct
