Personality, Motivation, and Emotion Flashcards
personality
An individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person
Psychoanalytic perspective
That behavior is derived from the unconscious which stems from primary care interact
ID- controlled by the pleasure principle and seek to gain pleasure and avoid ain’t all cost
Ego- controlled by the reality principle, which uses logic and morality to achieve the desires of ID
superego- suppress the ID’s desire and let ego control behavior
libido
The life instinct, so achieve the basic needs of life (sex, survival, growth, pleasure)
death instinct
The death instinct, need to harm
Ego defense mechanisms; what is it? Types?
Def: unconsciously distort or deny reality to avoid pain
Repression- lack of recall of emotions
Denial- forcefully suppress memeories
reaction formation- behavior the opposite of how they really feel, when they are scared to express their true feelings
projection- attribute one’s feeling as expressed by others instead of themselves
displacement- displace feelings or behavior toward elsewhere rather than to the source
rationalization- logically justify one’s impulse
regression- revert to more primitive behavior
sublimation- turn feelings into art or positive activities
Psychosexual stages (5)
oral- gain pleasure from the oral sensation
anal- gain pleasure from the control of elimination
phallic- gain pleasure from genital. Gain attraction to the opposite-sex parent
(Oedipus complex = son attracted to mom & Electra complex = girl attracted to dad)
latent- sexual attention go away and focus on goal-orientated activities
genital- sexual desire resurface and promote sexual energy fueled activities (sports, career)
Note: first 3 stages are believed to determine adult personality
psychological fixation
If one of the stages in psychosexual is over or underachieved, the adult will continue to displace behavior in that stage
Social cognitive perspective
Vicarious/observational learning
Goals of psychoanalytic therapy
- Increase ego
2. make unconscious behavior surface to conscious
Carl Rogers’ Humanistic Perspective
See people as innately good and healthy, and strive for sel-actualization ( achieve the highest potential they can)
self-concept
Child’s conscious, subjective perspective of self
incongruence
when self-concept contradicted by life experience
Humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)
Use unconditional positive reinforcement to help client trust their emotion and accept themselves, so they can learn from and grow from their experience
Behaviorist perspective
that personality is learned through reinforcement and punishment in environment
behavior is deterministic (so learned)
behavior therapy
use ABC model (antecedent, behavior and consequence) for assessment and use systematic desensitization or relaxing training to adjust A and C.
Social cognitive perspective
Observational/vicarious learning 3 components of personality: cognitive = mental process of observational learning and self-efficacy believe environmental = situational influence behavioral factors
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
A person’s feeling and behavior to an event is not a reaction to the event itself but an interpretation of the event. This interpretation is created during childhood
Goal: help clients become aware of these and substitute rational or accurate belief and thoughts (correct interpretations)
Personality trait
A predisposition toward a certain behavior
Surface trait
expressed through behavior
source trait
the underlying cause of surface traits
Biological perspective
General: Personality is innate and caused by biological differences
Hans Eysenck:
extroversion = difference in reticular formation
neuroticism = limbic system
Jeffery Alan Gray:
fearfulness = fight or flight system
impulsivity = behavior approach system
Robert Cloninger:
low dopamine level and grey matter volume in cingulate cortex = impulsivity
low norepinephrine and caudate nucleus = reward dependence
low serotonin and orbitofrontal/occipital/parietal cortex = harm avoidance
Biological perspective
General: Personality is innate and caused by biological differences
Hans Eysenck:
extroversion = difference in reticular formation
neuroticism = limbic system
Jeffery Alan Gray:
fearfulness = fight or flight system
impulsivity = behavior approach system
Robert Cloninger:
low dopamine level and grey matter volume in cingulate cortex = impulsivity
low norepinephrine and caudate nucleus = reward dependence
low serotonin and orbitofrontal/occipital/parietal cortex = harm avoidance
person-situation controversy
Whether a person’s behavior is based on their traitor based on the situation.
Traits
an internal, stable and enduring aspect of personality
States
unstable, temporary aspect of personality
Factors that influence that motivation
Instinct- factors that are unlearned and fixed
biologically (like baby sucking on thumb)
Drives/negative feedback system: an urge derived from physiological discomfort. By reducing that discomfort, it inhibits the discomfort (negative feedback loop)
Arousal- desire to achieve an optimal level of arousal
Needs- basic biological needs
Drive reduction theory
physiological needs create an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior.
incentive theory
incentives (good or bad) are external stimuli that create certain behavior
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
base to apex: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Attitude
a person’s belief about a thing, event or another person. behavior may not reflect attitude.
Attitude more precisely predict behavior when?
1) social influence is not a factor (less people)
2) look at general patterns of behavior rather than one incident
3) look at specific attitude rather than general attitude
4) attitude are more powerful through self-reflection
Prison study on role-playing
demonstrated on powerful influence social role has on behavior
situations when behavior influence attitude
1) roleplaying
2) public declaration
3) justification efforts
public declaration
Saying something outloud or in public makes them believe in what they said more than they use to before declaration
justification efforts
Modify their attitude to match their behavior.
cognitive dissonance theory
we feel tension whenever we hold 2 thoughts/belief that are incompatiable.
When there is a lack of justification for their behavior, they will change their belief to justify their behavior
3 components of emotion
1) physiological: changes in internal state
2) behavioral: expressive behavior
3) cognitive: interpretation of the situation
6 universal emotion
happiness, sadness, disgust, surprised, fear, anger
Yerkes-Dodson law
people preform best when they are moderately aroused (not too complacent but also not too overwhelmed
