Personality, Motivation, and Emotion

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

An individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person

Question 2

Psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 2

That behavior is derived from the unconscious which stems from primary care interact

ID- controlled by the pleasure principle and seek to gain pleasure and avoid ain’t all cost

Ego- controlled by the reality principle, which uses logic and morality to achieve the desires of ID

superego- suppress the ID’s desire and let ego control behavior

Question 3

libido

Answer 3

The life instinct, so achieve the basic needs of life (sex, survival, growth, pleasure)

Question 4

death instinct

Answer 4

The death instinct, need to harm

Question 5

Ego defense mechanisms; what is it? Types?

Answer 5

Def: unconsciously distort or deny reality to avoid pain

Repression- lack of recall of emotions
Denial- forcefully suppress memeories
reaction formation- behavior the opposite of how they really feel, when they are scared to express their true feelings
projection- attribute one’s feeling as expressed by others instead of themselves
displacement- displace feelings or behavior toward elsewhere rather than to the source
rationalization- logically justify one’s impulse
regression- revert to more primitive behavior
sublimation- turn feelings into art or positive activities

Question 6

Psychosexual stages (5)

Answer 6

oral- gain pleasure from the oral sensation
anal- gain pleasure from the control of elimination
phallic- gain pleasure from genital. Gain attraction to the opposite-sex parent
(Oedipus complex = son attracted to mom & Electra complex = girl attracted to dad)
latent- sexual attention go away and focus on goal-orientated activities
genital- sexual desire resurface and promote sexual energy fueled activities (sports, career)

Note: first 3 stages are believed to determine adult personality

Question 7

psychological fixation

Answer 7

If one of the stages in psychosexual is over or underachieved, the adult will continue to displace behavior in that stage

Question 8

Social cognitive perspective

Answer 8

Vicarious/observational learning

Question 9

Goals of psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 9

1. Increase ego

2. make unconscious behavior surface to conscious

Question 10

Carl Rogers’ Humanistic Perspective

Answer 10

See people as innately good and healthy, and strive for sel-actualization ( achieve the highest potential they can)

Question 11

self-concept

Answer 11

Child’s conscious, subjective perspective of self

Question 12

incongruence

Answer 12

when self-concept contradicted by life experience

Question 13

Humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)

Answer 13

Use unconditional positive reinforcement to help client trust their emotion and accept themselves, so they can learn from and grow from their experience

Question 14

Behaviorist perspective

Answer 14

that personality is learned through reinforcement and punishment in environment

behavior is deterministic (so learned)

Question 15

behavior therapy

Answer 15

use ABC model (antecedent, behavior and consequence) for assessment and use systematic desensitization or relaxing training to adjust A and C.

Question 16

Social cognitive perspective

Answer 16

Observational/vicarious learning
3 components of personality:
cognitive = mental process of observational learning and self-efficacy believe 
environmental = situational influence 
behavioral factors

Question 17

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Answer 17

A person’s feeling and behavior to an event is not a reaction to the event itself but an interpretation of the event. This interpretation is created during childhood

Goal: help clients become aware of these and substitute rational or accurate belief and thoughts (correct interpretations)

Question 18

Personality trait

Answer 18

A predisposition toward a certain behavior

Question 19

Surface trait

Answer 19

expressed through behavior

Question 20

source trait

Answer 20

the underlying cause of surface traits

Question 21

Biological perspective

Answer 21

General: Personality is innate and caused by biological differences

Hans Eysenck:
extroversion = difference in reticular formation
neuroticism = limbic system

Jeffery Alan Gray:
fearfulness = fight or flight system
impulsivity = behavior approach system

Robert Cloninger:
low dopamine level and grey matter volume in cingulate cortex = impulsivity
low norepinephrine and caudate nucleus = reward dependence
low serotonin and orbitofrontal/occipital/parietal cortex = harm avoidance

Question 22

Biological perspective

Answer 22

General: Personality is innate and caused by biological differences

Hans Eysenck:
extroversion = difference in reticular formation
neuroticism = limbic system

Jeffery Alan Gray:
fearfulness = fight or flight system
impulsivity = behavior approach system

Robert Cloninger:
low dopamine level and grey matter volume in cingulate cortex = impulsivity
low norepinephrine and caudate nucleus = reward dependence
low serotonin and orbitofrontal/occipital/parietal cortex = harm avoidance

Question 23

person-situation controversy

Answer 23

Whether a person’s behavior is based on their traitor based on the situation.

Question 24

Traits

Answer 24

an internal, stable and enduring aspect of personality

Question 25

States

Answer 25

unstable, temporary aspect of personality

Question 26

Factors that influence that motivation

Answer 26

Instinct- factors that are unlearned and fixed
biologically (like baby sucking on thumb)

Drives/negative feedback system: an urge derived from physiological discomfort. By reducing that discomfort, it inhibits the discomfort (negative feedback loop)

Arousal- desire to achieve an optimal level of arousal

Needs- basic biological needs

Question 27

Drive reduction theory

Answer 27

physiological needs create an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior.

Question 28

incentive theory

Answer 28

incentives (good or bad) are external stimuli that create certain behavior

Question 29

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 29

base to apex: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Question 30

Attitude

Answer 30

a person’s belief about a thing, event or another person. behavior may not reflect attitude.

Question 31

Attitude more precisely predict behavior when?

Answer 31

1) social influence is not a factor (less people)
2) look at general patterns of behavior rather than one incident
3) look at specific attitude rather than general attitude
4) attitude are more powerful through self-reflection

Question 32

Prison study on role-playing

Answer 32

demonstrated on powerful influence social role has on behavior

Question 33

situations when behavior influence attitude

Answer 33

1) roleplaying
2) public declaration
3) justification efforts

Question 34

public declaration

Answer 34

Saying something outloud or in public makes them believe in what they said more than they use to before declaration

Question 35

justification efforts

Answer 35

Modify their attitude to match their behavior.

Question 36

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 36

we feel tension whenever we hold 2 thoughts/belief that are incompatiable.

When there is a lack of justification for their behavior, they will change their belief to justify their behavior

Question 37

3 components of emotion

Answer 37

1) physiological: changes in internal state
2) behavioral: expressive behavior
3) cognitive: interpretation of the situation

Question 38

6 universal emotion

Answer 38

happiness, sadness, disgust, surprised, fear, anger

Question 39

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 39

people preform best when they are moderately aroused (not too complacent but also not too overwhelmed