Social Psychology Flashcards
Attribution
Inferences people make about the causes of events and behavior
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to attribute others behavior to personality traits, abilities and feelings (internal factors)
Self serving bias (actor observer bias)
Tendency to attribute successes to dispositional factors and failures to situational factors
Central route to persuasion
Involves deeply processing the content of the message (logistics and statistics)
Peripheral route to persuasion
Other aspects of the message including the characteristics of the person imparting the message (attractiveness of the spokesperson)
Best routes to persuasion
A two sided argument, emotional message, expert messenger and do good feel good phenomenon
Attitudes
Belief based feelings
Mere exposure effect
The more one is exposed to something, the more likely one will come to like it
Relationship between attitudes and behaviors
I———————>
Attitudes Behaviors
Foot in the door phenomenon
People are more likely to agree with something large when they are first presented with something small
Door in the face phenomenon
Tendency for people who say no to a large request will comply with a smaller one
Phil Zimbardos prison study
Stanford prison experiment
Study showed that people will conform to the social roles they are expected to play
Leon Festingers cognitive dissonance theory
People change their attitudes when they realize thoughts or cognitions they hold are not consistent this conflict creates dissonance or psychological discomfort
Chameleon effect
Non-consciously imitate others body position (might show empathy)
Mood linkage
People non-consciously imitate others emotions
Social psychology
Influence of real, imagined or implied presence of others
Normative social influence
Conform due to fear of being judged by peers- avoid rejection and gain approval
Informational social influence
If we are unsure of what is right, and if being correct matters, we are very receptive to others opinions
Stanley Milgrams obedience study
Teacher (true subject), learned (confederate), experimenter (confederate)
Demonstrated compliance with an authority figure
63% of teachers “killed” learner with little prompting
93% “killed” learner when they were instructing someone else to administer the shocks
Social facilitation
People good at a task will perform better when people are watching
Social inhibition
People bad at a task will preform worse when being watched
Social loafing
When in a group, people exert less effort
Deindividuation
People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self
Group polarization
Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than each individual
Group think
Group member suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group
Bay of pigs: (1961) failed military invasion of Cuba
Jonestown: about a thousand commuted suicide by cool aid with cyanide
Culture
The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group and transmitted through generations
Norms
Rules that govern the members of a group behaviors
Prejudice
Preconceived opinion that is not based on an actual experience
Stereotype
Fixed, oversimplified and widely held idea about a particular type of person or thing
Discrimination
Unjust and prejudicial treatment of a type of person or thing
In group bias
Tendency to favor ones own group
Ethnocentrism
Judging another’s culture Ailey on standards of ones own culture
Scapegoat theory
Using a group as a target for all anger
Other race effect
It is easier for people to detect those of their own race
Vivid cases
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Just world phenomenon
“Blame the victim”
Tendency for pekoe to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Instrumental aggression
When the act is intended to secure a particular ending
Hostile aggression
No particular purpose (biological)
Biological causes of aggression
Genetics: Y chromosome increases aggression, monoamine oxidase A (warrior gene)
Neural influence: amygdala (deep brain stimulation), lack of activity in orbital cortex
Biochemical: testosterone
Psychological causes of aggression
Averse events
Environmental factors can lead to increased aggression (bad odors)
Behaviorists, aggression
Aggression can be learned but it is difficult to be changed once it is learned
Aggression is rewarded through conditioning
Modeling violence and observational learning (bobo)
Frustration-aggression principle
Being blocked from completing a goal leads to react with higher levels of aggression
Social causes of aggression
Observed aggression = desensitized to violence by watching television
Social scripts = the media portrays social scripts and generates mental tapes in the mind of the viewers
Video gaming and aggressiveness = various studies show that aggressive video games lead to more angry behavior
Social trap
The conflicting parties, by rationally Pershing their self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Proximity, attraction
Geographical closeness
Physical attractiveness, attraction
Primarily determines attraction
Facial symmetry
Equal levels of attraction
Similarity, attraction
Pick partners that are similar to themselves
Opposites do not attract
Reciprocal liking
One is more likely to like someone who likes them
Liking through association
Classical conditioning can play a part in attraction
Two factor theory, love
- Physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal
2. Arousal from any source can enhance ones emotion depending upon what we interpret as or label arousal
Passionate love vs compassionate love
Passionate love= dating
Compassionate love= marriage (deeper, more affectionate attachment)
Equity
The give and take, receive equal love, share resources of the relationship
Self-disclosure
Revealing intimate details to one another strengthens bonds
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Kitty Genovese: 38 witnesses and no one helped
Bystander effect
Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present
Social exchange theory
Weighing the rewards and coats of helping
We maintain relationships with physically attractive people and people who like us because of this theory
Cost-benefit analysis
Reciprocity norm
We have been socialized (taught) to give as much as we receive
Social responsibility norm
We have been taught to help those who don’t have the ability to help
Sherifs Robbers cave experiment
Realistic conflict theory (interception conflict)
Inter group hostility can arise from competition over limited resources
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation
Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension (GRIT)
A strategy designed the decrease international tensions
Fritz Heiders attribution theory
How we explain someone’s behaviors in terms of dispositional (personality) or situational factors
Stable: dispositional
Unstable: situational
