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AP Psychology > Myers Unit 8 > Flashcards

Myers Unit 8 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a need?

A

Physiological state that triggers motivational arousal.

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

The need or desire that directs behavior towards a goal.

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2
Q

What is the definition of instinct? And what other name does it go by?

A

Genetically programmed behaviors (evolutionary perspective.)

Fixed-action pattern.

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3
Q

What is drive-reduction theory? How does it relate to homeostasis?

A

Drive-reduction theory is behavior driven by biological needs (hunger, thirst, sex.)

Based on the idea of homeostasis, we need to maintain a stable internal environment.

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4
Q

What is incentive theory?

A

Incentive theory pulls us towards a goal through external rewards.

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5
Q

What is optimum arousal theory?

A

Optimum arousal theory is basically seeking arousal do to boredom.

Achievement- oriented people are motivated through high arousal.

Experiment: rats would go through a maze and become curious of the small shock they received in one corner.

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6
Q

What is mallows hierarch of needs? (1954)

A

Top of pyramid ^

Self actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, and problem solving.

Esteem: self-esteem, confidence achievement, and respect.

Love/belonging: friendship, family, and sexual intimacy.

Safety: security of- body, employment, resources, health, and property.

Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, and homeostasis.

Bottom of pyramid ^

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7
Q

What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

Complex tasks: require low emotional arousal

Simple tasks: can be sustained with high e emotional arousal

Performance is usually best at moderate to high arousal

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8
Q

What are two criticisms of the hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Starve or get arrested for political protest?

2. Women stay with their abusers?

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9
Q

How does the Washburn and Cannon’s study relate to hunger and the stomach?

A

Hunger pangs indicate feeling the need to eat.

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10
Q

What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Stimulation = desire to eat

Damaged = no desire to eat

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11
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A

Stimulation = desire to stop eating

Damaged = never feel full

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12
Q

Glucose

A

Insulin converts glucose to fat.

Low glucose contributes to the feeling of hunger.

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13
Q

Insulin

A

Origin: pancreas

Function: increases hunger

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14
Q

Leptin

A

Origin: fat cells

Function: decreases hunger

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15
Q

Orexin

A

Origin: hypothalamus

Function: increases hunger

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16
Q

Ghrelin

A

Origin: stomach

Function: increases hunger

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17
Q

Obestatin

A

Origin: stomach

Function: sends out the “I’m full” signal to the brain

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18
Q

PYY

A

Origin: digestive tract

Function: decreases hunger

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19
Q

Set point

A

Genetically determined range of weight and temperature that the body will try to maintain for optimal health.

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20
Q

How does memory relate to hunger?

A

Excess of gherkin has been found to increase learning and memory capabilities.

Could potentially use on amnesia patients.

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21
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Less than 85% of the healthy weight.

Triggered by fear of weight gain.

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22
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Binge followed by purge through methods such as vomiting and abusing laxatives.

Can be accompanied by anorexia.

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23
Q

Binge- eating disorder

A

Eats large amounts of food in a short amount of time and do not purge

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24
Q

Biopsychosocial causes of eating disorders

A

Biological: hypothalamus, appetite hormones, hunger pains

Psychological: sight and smell of food, stress and mood, memory

Social: learned preference for taste and appearance

25
Q

Masters and Johnson sexual response cycle

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
    • men go through a refractory period
26
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Came before masters and Johnson (ha accidental sex pun)

8-10% of population is gay or bisexual (incorrect)

50% of men and women have premarital sex (the number is much larger)

Did study on mostly white individuals

27
Q

Homosexuality

A

If one identical twin is gay there is a 52% chance the other one will be as well

Homosexuality can be genetically engineered

Gay men are likely to be more promiscuous than straight men or lesbians (high levels of testosterone)

28
Q

How does external stimuli influence the motivation of sex in a negative way?

A

Attractive people or pornography leads people to devalue their own partners

X-rated movies = men’s brains respond more in the amygdala

29
Q

What percent of the U.S. Population is gay? Bisexual?

A

Gay: 1.6%

Bisexual: 0.7%

30
Q

Simon levay

A

Discovered a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men

31
Q

Fraternal birth- order effect

A

Men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay

Females body is better at protecting the embryo making it more feminine

32
Q

Evolutionary perspective and needing to belong

A

We seek mates as well as protection among groups

33
Q

Drive-reduction theory and needing to belong

A

The likelihood that accomplishing a need increases among a group

34
Q

Arousal theory and needing to belong

A

Wanting a group to mingle with to prevent boredom and provide stimulation

35
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

1- experience physiological aspects

2- automatically experience emotion depending on the physiological response

36
Q

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

1- emotion is felt in thalamus

2- directed to cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system

(B)ard = (B)oth

37
Q

Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion

A

The cognitive theory of emotion

Interplay of thinking and feeling

38
Q

Emotions come from…

A

Limbic system: thalamus and amygdala

Cerebral cortex

Autonomic nervous system: epinephrine

39
Q

The three components of emotion are…

A
  1. Physical arousal
  2. Behavior that reveals emotion
  3. Inner awareness of feelings
40
Q

Paul ekman

A

Micro Expressions

41
Q

Guilty knowledge test

A

Present true and false, gauge reactions

42
Q

Spill-over effect

A

When emotion from one event spills into another event (anger-sexual arousal)

43
Q

Zajonc’s and Lazarus’ views of emotion

A

Zajonc: low road- emotions can precede cognition

Lazarus: high road- complex emotions involve how we appraise a situation (cognitive appraisal theory)

44
Q

Display rules

A

Different cultures will display different expressions based of situational context

45
Q

Izard (1977)

A

Isolated 10 emotions that are present in infancy

46
Q

Facial feedback phenomenon/effect

A

Your expressions can influence your emotions

47
Q

How do people and animals learn fears?

A

Fear increases the real ease of epinephrine (adrenaline)

Amygdala is the area of the brain involved in learning fears

48
Q

Catharsis

A

Venting anger through action or fantasy

49
Q

Feel-good-do-good phenomenon

A

Feeling of happiness can be attributed to the nucleus accumbens

50
Q

Subjective well being

A

College students who say they value love over money report greater life satisfaction

51
Q

Adaptation-level phenomenon

A

Adaptation level phenomenon is the tendency to adapt to new things over time

52
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Relative deprivation is the sense that we’re worse off than people around up

53
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

Two options that are equally good

54
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

Two bad options

55
Q

Approach- avoidance conflict

A

One choice has both good and bad traits

56
Q

Multiple approach- avoidance

A

Many options that have both positive and negative traits

57
Q

Stress

A

Process by which we perceive and respond to threats that challenge us

58
Q

Hans Selye

A

General adaptation syndrome (GAS): alarm, resistance, exhaustion

59
Q

Type A people

A

Competitive, impatient, time concours, easily angered

Chances of coronary heart disease is higher

60
Q

Type B people

A

Easy going, mellow, laid back

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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