Myers Unit 8 Flashcards by Jillian Hitt

What is a need?

Physiological state that triggers motivational arousal.

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What is motivation?

The need or desire that directs behavior towards a goal.

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What is the definition of instinct? And what other name does it go by?

Genetically programmed behaviors (evolutionary perspective.)

Fixed-action pattern.

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What is drive-reduction theory? How does it relate to homeostasis?

Drive-reduction theory is behavior driven by biological needs (hunger, thirst, sex.)

Based on the idea of homeostasis, we need to maintain a stable internal environment.

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What is incentive theory?

Incentive theory pulls us towards a goal through external rewards.

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What is optimum arousal theory?

Optimum arousal theory is basically seeking arousal do to boredom.

Achievement- oriented people are motivated through high arousal.

Experiment: rats would go through a maze and become curious of the small shock they received in one corner.

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What is mallows hierarch of needs? (1954)

Top of pyramid ^

Self actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, and problem solving.

Esteem: self-esteem, confidence achievement, and respect.

Love/belonging: friendship, family, and sexual intimacy.

Safety: security of- body, employment, resources, health, and property.

Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, and homeostasis.

Bottom of pyramid ^

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What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

Complex tasks: require low emotional arousal

Simple tasks: can be sustained with high e emotional arousal

Performance is usually best at moderate to high arousal

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What are two criticisms of the hierarchy of needs?

Starve or get arrested for political protest?

2. Women stay with their abusers?

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How does the Washburn and Cannon’s study relate to hunger and the stomach?

Hunger pangs indicate feeling the need to eat.

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What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?

Stimulation = desire to eat

Damaged = no desire to eat

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What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Stimulation = desire to stop eating

Damaged = never feel full

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Glucose

Insulin converts glucose to fat.

Low glucose contributes to the feeling of hunger.

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Insulin

Origin: pancreas

Function: increases hunger

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Leptin

Origin: fat cells

Function: decreases hunger

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Orexin

Origin: hypothalamus

Function: increases hunger

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Ghrelin

Origin: stomach

Function: increases hunger

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Obestatin

Origin: stomach

Function: sends out the “I’m full” signal to the brain

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PYY

Origin: digestive tract

Function: decreases hunger

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Set point

Genetically determined range of weight and temperature that the body will try to maintain for optimal health.

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How does memory relate to hunger?

Excess of gherkin has been found to increase learning and memory capabilities.

Could potentially use on amnesia patients.

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Anorexia nervosa

Less than 85% of the healthy weight.

Triggered by fear of weight gain.

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Bulimia nervosa

Binge followed by purge through methods such as vomiting and abusing laxatives.

Can be accompanied by anorexia.

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Binge- eating disorder

Eats large amounts of food in a short amount of time and do not purge

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Biopsychosocial causes of eating disorders

Biological: hypothalamus, appetite hormones, hunger pains Psychological: sight and smell of food, stress and mood, memory Social: learned preference for taste and appearance

Masters and Johnson sexual response cycle

1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm - men go through a refractory period

Alfred Kinsey

Came before masters and Johnson (ha accidental sex pun) 8-10% of population is gay or bisexual (incorrect) 50% of men and women have premarital sex (the number is much larger) Did study on mostly white individuals

Homosexuality

If one identical twin is gay there is a 52% chance the other one will be as well Homosexuality can be genetically engineered Gay men are likely to be more promiscuous than straight men or lesbians (high levels of testosterone)

How does external stimuli influence the motivation of sex in a negative way?

Attractive people or pornography leads people to devalue their own partners X-rated movies = men's brains respond more in the amygdala

What percent of the U.S. Population is gay? Bisexual?

Gay: 1.6% Bisexual: 0.7%

Simon levay

Discovered a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men

Fraternal birth- order effect

Men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay Females body is better at protecting the embryo making it more feminine

Evolutionary perspective and needing to belong

We seek mates as well as protection among groups

Drive-reduction theory and needing to belong

The likelihood that accomplishing a need increases among a group

Arousal theory and needing to belong

Wanting a group to mingle with to prevent boredom and provide stimulation

James-Lange theory of emotion

1- experience physiological aspects 2- automatically experience emotion depending on the physiological response

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

1- emotion is felt in thalamus 2- directed to cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system (B)ard = (B)oth

Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion

The cognitive theory of emotion Interplay of thinking and feeling

Emotions come from...

Limbic system: thalamus and amygdala Cerebral cortex Autonomic nervous system: epinephrine

The three components of emotion are...

1. Physical arousal 2. Behavior that reveals emotion 3. Inner awareness of feelings

Paul ekman

Micro Expressions

Guilty knowledge test

Present true and false, gauge reactions

Spill-over effect

When emotion from one event spills into another event (anger-sexual arousal)

Zajonc's and Lazarus' views of emotion

Zajonc: low road- emotions can precede cognition Lazarus: high road- complex emotions involve how we appraise a situation (cognitive appraisal theory)

Display rules

Different cultures will display different expressions based of situational context

Izard (1977)

Isolated 10 emotions that are present in infancy

Facial feedback phenomenon/effect

Your expressions can influence your emotions

How do people and animals learn fears?

Fear increases the real ease of epinephrine (adrenaline) Amygdala is the area of the brain involved in learning fears

Catharsis

Venting anger through action or fantasy

Feel-good-do-good phenomenon

Feeling of happiness can be attributed to the nucleus accumbens

Subjective well being

College students who say they value love over money report greater life satisfaction

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Adaptation level phenomenon is the tendency to adapt to new things over time

Relative deprivation

Relative deprivation is the sense that we're worse off than people around up

Approach-approach conflict

Two options that are equally good

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Two bad options

Approach- avoidance conflict

One choice has both good and bad traits

Multiple approach- avoidance

Many options that have both positive and negative traits

Stress

Process by which we perceive and respond to threats that challenge us

Hans Selye

General adaptation syndrome (GAS): alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Type A people

Competitive, impatient, time concours, easily angered Chances of coronary heart disease is higher

Type B people

Easy going, mellow, laid back