Myers Unit 8 Flashcards
What is a need?
Physiological state that triggers motivational arousal.
What is motivation?
The need or desire that directs behavior towards a goal.
What is the definition of instinct? And what other name does it go by?
Genetically programmed behaviors (evolutionary perspective.)
Fixed-action pattern.
What is drive-reduction theory? How does it relate to homeostasis?
Drive-reduction theory is behavior driven by biological needs (hunger, thirst, sex.)
Based on the idea of homeostasis, we need to maintain a stable internal environment.
What is incentive theory?
Incentive theory pulls us towards a goal through external rewards.
What is optimum arousal theory?
Optimum arousal theory is basically seeking arousal do to boredom.
Achievement- oriented people are motivated through high arousal.
Experiment: rats would go through a maze and become curious of the small shock they received in one corner.
What is mallows hierarch of needs? (1954)
Top of pyramid ^
Self actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, and problem solving.
Esteem: self-esteem, confidence achievement, and respect.
Love/belonging: friendship, family, and sexual intimacy.
Safety: security of- body, employment, resources, health, and property.
Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, and homeostasis.
Bottom of pyramid ^
What is Yerkes-Dodson law?
Complex tasks: require low emotional arousal
Simple tasks: can be sustained with high e emotional arousal
Performance is usually best at moderate to high arousal
What are two criticisms of the hierarchy of needs?
- Starve or get arrested for political protest?
2. Women stay with their abusers?
How does the Washburn and Cannon’s study relate to hunger and the stomach?
Hunger pangs indicate feeling the need to eat.
What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?
Stimulation = desire to eat
Damaged = no desire to eat
What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?
Stimulation = desire to stop eating
Damaged = never feel full
Glucose
Insulin converts glucose to fat.
Low glucose contributes to the feeling of hunger.
Insulin
Origin: pancreas
Function: increases hunger
Leptin
Origin: fat cells
Function: decreases hunger
Orexin
Origin: hypothalamus
Function: increases hunger
Ghrelin
Origin: stomach
Function: increases hunger
Obestatin
Origin: stomach
Function: sends out the “I’m full” signal to the brain
PYY
Origin: digestive tract
Function: decreases hunger
Set point
Genetically determined range of weight and temperature that the body will try to maintain for optimal health.
How does memory relate to hunger?
Excess of gherkin has been found to increase learning and memory capabilities.
Could potentially use on amnesia patients.
Anorexia nervosa
Less than 85% of the healthy weight.
Triggered by fear of weight gain.
Bulimia nervosa
Binge followed by purge through methods such as vomiting and abusing laxatives.
Can be accompanied by anorexia.
Binge- eating disorder
Eats large amounts of food in a short amount of time and do not purge
Biopsychosocial causes of eating disorders
Biological: hypothalamus, appetite hormones, hunger pains
Psychological: sight and smell of food, stress and mood, memory
Social: learned preference for taste and appearance
Masters and Johnson sexual response cycle
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- men go through a refractory period
Alfred Kinsey
Came before masters and Johnson (ha accidental sex pun)
8-10% of population is gay or bisexual (incorrect)
50% of men and women have premarital sex (the number is much larger)
Did study on mostly white individuals
Homosexuality
If one identical twin is gay there is a 52% chance the other one will be as well
Homosexuality can be genetically engineered
Gay men are likely to be more promiscuous than straight men or lesbians (high levels of testosterone)
How does external stimuli influence the motivation of sex in a negative way?
Attractive people or pornography leads people to devalue their own partners
X-rated movies = men’s brains respond more in the amygdala
What percent of the U.S. Population is gay? Bisexual?
Gay: 1.6%
Bisexual: 0.7%
Simon levay
Discovered a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men
Fraternal birth- order effect
Men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay
Females body is better at protecting the embryo making it more feminine
Evolutionary perspective and needing to belong
We seek mates as well as protection among groups
Drive-reduction theory and needing to belong
The likelihood that accomplishing a need increases among a group
Arousal theory and needing to belong
Wanting a group to mingle with to prevent boredom and provide stimulation
James-Lange theory of emotion
1- experience physiological aspects
2- automatically experience emotion depending on the physiological response
Cannon-bard theory of emotion
1- emotion is felt in thalamus
2- directed to cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system
(B)ard = (B)oth
Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion
The cognitive theory of emotion
Interplay of thinking and feeling
Emotions come from…
Limbic system: thalamus and amygdala
Cerebral cortex
Autonomic nervous system: epinephrine
The three components of emotion are…
- Physical arousal
- Behavior that reveals emotion
- Inner awareness of feelings
Paul ekman
Micro Expressions
Guilty knowledge test
Present true and false, gauge reactions
Spill-over effect
When emotion from one event spills into another event (anger-sexual arousal)
Zajonc’s and Lazarus’ views of emotion
Zajonc: low road- emotions can precede cognition
Lazarus: high road- complex emotions involve how we appraise a situation (cognitive appraisal theory)
Display rules
Different cultures will display different expressions based of situational context
Izard (1977)
Isolated 10 emotions that are present in infancy
Facial feedback phenomenon/effect
Your expressions can influence your emotions
How do people and animals learn fears?
Fear increases the real ease of epinephrine (adrenaline)
Amygdala is the area of the brain involved in learning fears
Catharsis
Venting anger through action or fantasy
Feel-good-do-good phenomenon
Feeling of happiness can be attributed to the nucleus accumbens
Subjective well being
College students who say they value love over money report greater life satisfaction
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Adaptation level phenomenon is the tendency to adapt to new things over time
Relative deprivation
Relative deprivation is the sense that we’re worse off than people around up
Approach-approach conflict
Two options that are equally good
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Two bad options
Approach- avoidance conflict
One choice has both good and bad traits
Multiple approach- avoidance
Many options that have both positive and negative traits
Stress
Process by which we perceive and respond to threats that challenge us
Hans Selye
General adaptation syndrome (GAS): alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Type A people
Competitive, impatient, time concours, easily angered
Chances of coronary heart disease is higher
Type B people
Easy going, mellow, laid back
