Ap Psychology end of the Year Test Flashcards
Wilhelm Wundt
Considered the father of psychology
psychophysics lab in Germany
structuralism
Edward Titchner (introspection)
Structuralism
Structure of the brain
“atoms of the mind”
William James
Functionalism, ideas based on Charles Darwin, adaptation
John Locke
Tabula Rasa
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic
Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung
Applied research
Applying knowledge collected through basic research
Basic research
Research to collect data
Hypothesis
Testable question
Dependent variable
Outcome
Independent variable
Variable that is manipulated
Confound variable
A factor that could accidentally affect the dependent variable
Theory
Something that has yet to be proven
Operational definition
Descriptive measure, replicate research
Validity vs reliability
Validity: credibility (internal- does it measure what it is supposed to, external- generalized)
Reliability: repeatability
Sampling
A group of people used to represent a population
Population
Group of people
Representative sample
A sample that is representative of a population
Generalizable
Random sample
Randomly picking people to represent a population
Random assignment
Randomly assigning to control or experimental groups
Control Group
a group to compare the experimental group to
No independent variable
Experimenter bias
Experimenter suggest something that affects the outcome of the experiment
Single – blind procedure
Only the subject doesn’t know which is the placebo
Double – blind procedure
Both the experimenter and subject don’t know which group has the placebo
Hawthorne effect
People act differently when they know they are being watched
Naturalistic observation
Positive correlation
Muscle size and exercise
The chart of a positive correlation would be going from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner
Negative correlation
Smoking and health
The chart of a negative correlation would start in the upper left-hand corner and go down to the bottom right-hand corner
No correlation
Random points scattered all over the graph
Pearson’s r
-1 to +1
Survey
Series of questions
Problems: People lie, vocabulary in questions can affect outcome
Naturalistic observation
Observation of the subject in their natural environment
Case study
In-depth study of one person over a long period of time
Case study
An in-depth analysis of a person, group or phenomenon
Mean
Average
Median
Middle
Mode
Appears the most
Range
Highest - lowest
Standard deviation
How much they vary
Difference between the number and the mean
Statistically significant
If the results did not occur by chance
P
Z score
Also known as a standard score
Where a score lies in relation to the populations mean
Agonist
Mimics and excites neuron
Heroin
Antagonist
Blocks and inhibits neuron
Botox
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic and somatic
Myelin sheath
Covers axon, speeds neural impulse
Axon
Passes messages away from cell body to other neurons
Sensory neurons (afferent)
Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent
Interneuron
Found in central nervous system
Motor neurons(efferent)
S
A
M
E
Neurotransmitter
A chemical messenger that carries signals between neurons and other cells in the body.
neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal after an action potential has reached the synapse.
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary control of body movements
Afferent and efferent neurons
Autonomic nervous system
Involuntary and unconscious actions
Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Parasympathetic nervous system
Rest and digest
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
Pituitary gland
Hormone control center, controlled by the hypothalamus
EEG
Sleep studies, brainwave activity
PET
Injected with glucose, determines function
MRI
Magnets, determines brain structure
fMRI
Combines MRI and PET
Measures brain activity by blood flow
Medulla
Breathing and heart rate
Reticular formation
Located in the brainstem, consciousness, keeps cortex alert and attentive
Thalamus
Signal switch board
Pons
Sleep
Cerebellum
Balance and movement
Limbic system
Middle of the brain
Adrenaline, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, olfaction
Amygdala
Emotions, in limbic system
Hypothalamus
Hunger, thirst, fornication
Hippo campus
Memory
Temporal lobe
Hearing, auditory cortex
Occipital lobe
Sight, visual cortex
Parietal lobe
Sensation, sensory cortex
Frontal lobe
Decision-making, contains prefrontal and motor cortex
Phineas Gage
First case study
Brokas area
Speaking
Damage=Broken speech
Wernickes area
Comprehension
Plasticity
Brain damage, other parts of brain compensate
Split brain
Corpus callosum was cut in epileptic patients
Corpus callosum
Combines two halves of brain
Left Hemisphere
Logic, math, language, Reading, writing, analysis
Right hemisphere
Personality, creativity, intuition, music, art, spatial abilities
Sensory cortex
Located in the parietal lobe, deals with sensory information such as pain
Psychological perspectives
- biological – hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters and brain structures influencing body and behaviors
- Cognitive- behavior is influenced by how a person thinks and remembers
- Humanistic – self actualization, full potential
- Behavioral – (John B Watson, Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner) learn observable responses and consequences
- Psychoanalytic – behavior from unconscious drives and conflicts
- Sociocultural- how behavior and thinking vary across cultures
- Evolutionary – (Darwin, James) natural selection, perpetuation of genes
- Developmental – study of people from womb to tomb
Motor cortex
Frontal lobe
Control of voluntary movements
Hindbrain
Brain stem
Forebrain
The lobes
Midbrain
Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep, arousal, temperature
Refractory period
Response is slowed due the previous stimulus being processed
Threshold
Positive and negative polarization of potassium and sodium ions (salty banana)
All or none
Reaction of nerve will be the same regardless of the strength of the stimulus
Reuptake
Neurons take back the chemicals that were not taken by the next neuron
Acetylcholine
Enables muscle action, learning and memory
Not enough: Alzheimer’s disease
Too much: seizures
Dopamine
Movement, learning, attention and emotion
Not enough: Parkinson’s
Too much: schizophrenia
Endorphins
Body’s natural painkillers
Serotonin
Mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
Not enough: depression
Too much: mania
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal
Not enough: can depressed mood
Too much:
Temperament
Temperament is to baby as personality is to adult
Heritability
Likelyhood of getting a trait from either parent
Nature VS nurture
Biology VS environmental
FAS
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Teratogens
Anything that can harm a Zygote, embryo, fetus
Newborn reflexes
Rooting reflex: touch and infants cheek and they will turn toward your finger
Moro reflex: baby arches back when scared
Babinski reflex: touch a baby’s foot and they will curl their toes
Sucking reflex
Grasping reflex
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge, get stronger with age
Fluid intelligence
Creativity and being able to think quickly, younger
Harry Harlow
Contact comfort
Mary Ainsworth
Attachment study
Secure attachment
Explorative, happy – mom leaves = baby cries, mom returns = baby stops crying
Avoidant attachment
A form of insecure attachment
In different
Anxious attachment
A type of insecure attachment
Baby does not stop crying when mother returns
Authoritarian
Strict and does not involve communication
Permissive
Give into all child’s desires
Authoritative
Considered to be the best type of parenting
Involves communication
Eric Erickson
Eight stages of psychosocial development
each stage has a crisis
Trust vs mistrust
Infancy
Birth to one year
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Autonomy VS shame and doubt
Toddler hood
1 to 3 years
Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Initiative VS guilt
Preschool
3 to 6 years
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
Industry VS inferiority
Elementary school
Six years to puberty
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
Identity vs role confusion
Adolescence
Teen years into 20s
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing rolls and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Intimacy vs isolation
Young adulthood
20s to early 40s
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel isolated
Generativity VS stagnation
Middle adulthood
40s to 60s
In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Integrity VS despair
Late adulthood
Late 60s and up
Reflecting on his or her life, and older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure