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Intro To Psych HP1000 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behaviour and social interactions

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2
Q

What is the social context?

A

The combination of
1. real, imagined, or symbolic presence of people
2. the activities and interactions among people
3. the setting in which behaviour occurs
4. the expectations and social norms governing behaviour in that setting

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3
Q

The obedience research carried out by Milgram underscores the ______

A

power of social situations to control human behaviour

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4
Q

Who conducted the obedience research?

A

Milgram

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5
Q

We do not respond to the objective reality, but to the _______

A

personal construction of a subjective social reality

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6
Q

In unfamiliar situations, we will take ___ of what is _______ and what to do from those around us

A

cues; appropriate and acceptable behaviour

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7
Q

The power of situations to dominate our personalities and override our history of learning, values and beliefs is ________ when we are in ________

A

greatest; new settings

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8
Q

We usually _____ our behaviour to the _____ of the social situation, and in new or ambiguous situations, we _____________ in that setting

A

adapt; demands; take our cues from the behaviour of others

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9
Q

What is situationism?

A

The view that environmental conditions may influence people’s behaviour as much as or more than their personal dispositions do under some circumstances

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10
Q

What is dispositionism?

A

A psychological orientation that focuses primarily on the inner characteristics of individuals, such as personality dispositions, values, character, and genetic makeup

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11
Q

Usually, our behaviour is due to an ________ dispositional tendencies and situational forces

A

interaction

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12
Q

The responses most people make in social settings depend heavily on 2 factors:

A
  1. The social roles they play
  2. Social norms of the group
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13
Q

What is a social role?

A

A socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of persons in a given setting or group

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14
Q

What are social norms?

A

A group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members’ attitudes and behaviours

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15
Q

Adjustment to a group typically involves discovering its _________

A

social norms

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16
Q

Individuals experience adjustment to a group in 2 ways:

A
  1. First noticing the uniformities and regularities in certain behaviours
  2. Observing the negative consequences when someone violates a social norm
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17
Q

What is a script?

A

Knowledge about the sequence of events and actions that is expected in a particular setting

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18
Q

What is the chameleon effect?

A

The tendency to mimic other people, named after the animal that changes its skin colour to fit into its varied environments

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19
Q

What is the Asch effect?

A

A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments of unambiguous stimuli, as with line judgments

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20
Q

What is conformity?

A

The tendency for people to adopt the behaviours, attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group

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21
Q

What are the conditions that researchers have found to affect conformity? (8 conditions)

A
  1. Unanimity of the majority
  2. Size of the group (at least 3 people in the group)
  3. Making a public commitment rather than a private one (i.e. can be heard)
  4. Ambiguity/difficult task (more prone to self-doubt)
  5. Makeup of the majority (higher status/competence of others leads to higher conformity)
  6. Self-esteem
  7. Power of an ally
  8. Independents (able to resist and maintain independence)
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22
Q

In the Asch effect, people conform because of __________, wanting to be accepted, approved, liked, and not rejected by others

A

normative influences

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23
Q

Another reason why people conform is due to ________, wanting to be correct and to understand the correct way to act in any given situation

A

informational influences

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24
Q

What is anticonformity?

A

A deliberate rejection of group norms

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25
Q

What did the experiment by Sherif demonstrate?

A

How social influence can lead to internalisation of a new norm

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26
Q

What is the autokinetic effect?

A

The perceived motion of a stationary dot of light in a totally dark room

Used by Muzafir Sherif to study the formation of group norms

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27
Q

Once norms are established in a group, they tend to ______ themselves

A

perpetuate

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28
Q

When you yield into erroneous judgment, your conformity is seen as changes in the _______ dedicated to ____ and _________

A

brain’s cortex; vision; spatial awareness

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29
Q

If you made independent judgements that went against the group, your brain lit up in areas associated with ___________, the _______ and related regions

This means that resistance creates an ___________ for those who maintain their independence

A

emotional salience; right amygdala

Emotional burden

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30
Q

What is the illusion of personal invulnerability?

A

A “not me” syndrome

Assuming that others may be susceptible to situational forces but they can and will resist such forces

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31
Q

What is social neuroscience?

A

An area of research that uses methodologies from brain sciences to investigate various types of social behaviour, such as stereotyping in prejudice, attitudes, self-control and emotional regulation

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32
Q

What is groupthink?

A

The term for the poor judgments and bad decisions made by members of groups that are overly influenced by perceived group consensus or the leader’s point of view

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33
Q

What are the 5 conditions likely to promote groupthink?

A
  1. Directive leadership, a dominant leader
  2. High group cohesiveness with absence of dissenting views
  3. Lack of norms requiring methodical procedures for evidence collection/evaluation
  4. Homogeneity of members’ social background and ideology
  5. High stress from external threats with low hope of a better solution that that of the group leader
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34
Q

What is cohesiveness?

A

Solidarity, loyalty, and a sense of group membership

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35
Q

Milgram’s Obedience to Authority studies’ results is among the most _______ is all the social sciences

A

generalizable

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36
Q

What are heroes?

A

People whose actions help others in emergencies or challenge unjust or corrupt systems, doing so without concern for reward or likely negative consequences for them by acting in deviant ways

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37
Q

What is heroism?

A

A voluntary act on behalf of others in need, or in defense of a moral cause, with potential personal risk or cost, and without expectation of tangible award

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38
Q

The top 4 conditions that people tend to be obedient under are:

A
  1. Peer modelling obedience
  2. Remote victim, promoting sense of anonymity
  3. Teacher was under direct surveillance of the authority figure so that he was aware of the authority’s presence
  4. When the authority figure had higher status relative to the Teacher
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39
Q

The obedience effect results from _________ variables and not _________ variables

A

situational; personality

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40
Q

What is the bystander intervention problem?

A

Laboratory and field study analogues of the difficulties faced by bystanders in real emergency situations

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41
Q

The best predictor of bystander intervention was the situational variable of ___________

A

group size

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42
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Dilution or weakening of each group member’s obligation to act when responsibility is perceived to be shared with all group members or accepted by the leader

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43
Q

Hudson found that helpers more often had some ______ training in dealing with emergency situations

A

medical/police/first-aid/CPR

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44
Q

What will increase your chances of getting help? (3 things)

A
  1. Ask for help
  2. Reduce the ambiguity of the situation
    - clearly explain the problem and what should be done
  3. Identify specific individuals
    - so they do not diffuse responsibility with others present
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45
Q

What is the in-group?

A

The group with which an individual identifies

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46
Q

What is the out-group?

A

Those outside the group with which an individual identifies

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47
Q

In the Asch studies, what produced a decrease in conformity?

A

The majority was not unanimous in its judgment

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48
Q

In Milgram’s original study, about what proportion of the “teacher-subjects” gave the maximum shock?

A

2/3rds

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49
Q

T or F: although conformity is a social phenomenon, brain regions that are activated when someone conforms are different from those brain regions activated by resisting and being independent

A

True

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50
Q

What is the main difference between altruistic actions and heroic actions?

A

Higher costs/risks in heroism

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51
Q

What consequences does attempting to understand human behaviour in terms of situational causes have for the personal responsibility of the actors involved?

A

It does not change personal responsibility and guilt, only severity of sentence

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52
Q

What is social reality?

A

An individual’s subjective interpretation of other people and of one’s relationships with them

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53
Q

The judgments we make about others depend not only on their ______ but also on our _______ of their actions within a ________

A

behaviour; interpretation; social context

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54
Q

Most good relationships can be seen as an exchange of _____

A

benefits

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55
Q

What is the reward theory of attraction?

A

A social learning view that predicts we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost

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56
Q

What are the 4 especially powerful sources of reward that predict interpersonal attraction?

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Self-disclosure
  4. Physical attraction

P2S2 (PS2?)

57
Q

______ sightings best predict our ______ relationships

A

Frequent; closest

58
Q

What is the principle of proximity?

A

The notion that people at work will make more friends among those who are nearby – with whom they have the most contact

59
Q

What does proximity mean?

A

Nearness

60
Q

Increased ______ often increases people’s liking for each other

A

contact

61
Q

In sharing common interests, 2 people effectively exchange _______ that _____ each other for their tastes and attitudes

A

compliments; reward

62
Q

What is the similarity principle?

A

The notion that people are attracted to those who are most similar to themselves on significant dimensions

63
Q

Most people find marriage partners of the same _____

A

age, race, social status, attitudes, values

64
Q

What is attitude realignment?

A

When someone gradually shifts views on various issues to be more closely aligned with those of someone else

65
Q

What is self-disclosure?

A

The sharing of personal information and feelings with another person as part of the process of developing trust

66
Q

Attractive children are judged as ______ and more ______ than their peers

A

happier; competent

67
Q

Babies gaze longer at pictures of _______ faces than _______ faces

A

normal; distorted

68
Q

Many studies show that __________ is the characteristic that overwhelms everything else as the best predictor of how well a person would be liked after a first meeting

A

physical attractiveness

69
Q

The principle of attractiveness applies _______ to same-sex and opposite-sex relationships

A

equally

70
Q

_____ seem to be more influenced by looks than are _____

A

men; women

71
Q

People actually consider a composite of ______ features to be the most attractive

A

average

72
Q

Extreme attraction can also be a liability because they are perceived as more ____ and ____

A

vain; materialistic

73
Q

What is the matching hypothesis?

A

The prediction that most people will find friends and mates that are perceived to be of about their same level of attractiveness

74
Q

What is expectancy-value theory?

A

A social psychology theory that states how people decide whether to pursue a relationship by weighing the potential value of the relationship against their expectation of success in establishing the relationship

75
Q

We tend to seek a match that is _____ with our ______

A

harmonious; self-definition

76
Q

What are the 2 factors that need to be taken into account for establishing social relationship?

A
  1. Self-worth (what people think of themselves)
  2. Social desirability (popularity)
77
Q

In general, participants tend to initiate contact with those having __________ and __________

A

similar self-worth; social desirability

78
Q

People with _________ of themselves tend to establish relationships with people who share their views but devalue them

A

low self-worth

79
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Cognitive dissonance is a highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes or values, that produce psychological discomfort

80
Q

What theory did Leon Festinger make?

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

81
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory was made by ________

A

Leon Festinger

82
Q

Reward theory of attraction was made by _______

A

Elliot Aronson

83
Q

What theory did Elliot Aronson make?

A

Reward theory of attraction

84
Q

According to cognitive dissonance theory, people are _________ to avoid the uncomfortable state of dissonance

A

motivated

85
Q

What are the 2 ways to reduce dissonance?

A
  1. Change one’s behaviour
  2. Change one’s cognition (eg by rationalizing the experience and developing a stronger loyalty to the organisation)
86
Q

Why does cognitive dissonance theory come about?

A

People don’t like to see themselves as being foolish or inconsistent

So to explain their own behaviour to themselves (and others), people are motivated to change their attitudes, which are private, rather than their overt (openly) behaviour, which is public

Changing their overt behaviour threatens their self-esteem

87
Q

In Japan, people have a _______ to maintain high self-esteem than do North Americans

So cognitive dissonance was found to have _________ among Japanese

A

lesser need; less power to change attitudes

(perhaps because collectivist cultures socialise people to value the needs of the group before the desires of the individual so self-worth isn’t that impt?)

88
Q

People become more _______ to the cause as time goes on to __________

A

committed; justify their efforts

89
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that people are ________ to those for whom they believe they have suffered _________

A

attracted; voluntarily

90
Q

People initiate social relationships because they expect a ______ or to _______

A

reward; avoid a feared consequence

91
Q

What is romantic love?

A

A temporary and highly emotional condition based on infatuation and sexual desire

92
Q

What is the triangular theory of love?

A

Developed by Robert Sternberg, a theory that describes various kinds of love in terms of three components:

  1. Passion (erotic attraction)
  2. Intimacy (sharing feelings and confidences)
  3. Commitment (dedication to putting this relationship first in one’s life)
93
Q

Romantic love is high on _______ and ______ but low on _______

A

passion; intimacy; commitment

94
Q

Liking and friendship are characterised by ______ but not by _____ and _____

A

intimacy; passion; commitment

95
Q

Infatuation has a high level of _______, but it has not developed into ______ or a _________ relationship

A

passion; intimacy; committed

96
Q

Complete love (consummate love) involves ________

A

all three: passion, intimacy, commitment

97
Q

Companionate love follows the ________ kind with a dimming of the _______ but often with greater ______ and _______

A

consummate; passion; intimacy; commitment

98
Q

For a relationship to stay healthy and to thrive, both partners must see it as _______ and ______

A

rewarding; equitable

99
Q

When viewing facial images of their intensely loved, long-term partner, brain areas activated were in parts of the brain associated with the ____________, ___________ (similar to activation in new love) and there was added ___________ (associated with maternal attachment and pair bonding)

A

dopamine-rich reward; basal ganglia system; cerebral arousal

100
Q

The FAE is best thought of as a ____ rather than a mistake since it could be correct

A

bias

101
Q

What is attributional charity?

A

Always trying first to find a situational explanation for strange or unusual behaviour of others before blaming them with dispositional explanations

102
Q

What is the self-serving bias?

A

An attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success (attribute to internal factors) but denies responsibility for failure (attribute to external factors)

103
Q

Self-serving biases are rooted in the need for ____, as preference for interpretations that _____ and cast our actions in the ______

A

self-esteem; save face; best possible light

104
Q

What are the 2 universal dimensions of human social cognition?

A
  1. Liking (assessed as warmth and trustworthiness)
  2. Respecting (assessed as competence and efficiency)
105
Q

The warmth dimension is captured in traits that are related to perceived _______, including friendliness, helpfulness, sincerity, trustworthiness and morality

By contrast the competence dimension reflects those traits that are related to perceived _________, intelligence, skill, creativity, efficacy

A

intent; ability

106
Q

What is genocide?

A

The systematic extermination of a group of people because of their racial or ethnic origins

107
Q

What is prejudice?

A

A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group or category, often without any direct evidence

108
Q

While prejudice is an ______, discrimination is a _______

A

attitude; behaviour

109
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Discrimination can be defined as a negative action taken against an individual as a result of his or her group or categorical membership

It is the behaviour that prejudice generates

110
Q

What are 5 causes of prejudice? (CDESM)

A
  1. Conformity to social norms
  2. Dissimilarity and social norms
  3. Economic competition
  4. Scapegoating
  5. Media stereotyping
111
Q

What is social distance?

A

The perceived difference or similarity between oneself and another person

112
Q

Social distance makes it less like for us to view individuals as _________, and the inequality can translate into _________, making it easier for us to treat members of an out-group with _________

A

social equals; inferiority; contempt

113
Q

What is scapegoating?

A

Blaming an innocent person or group for one’s own troubles and then discriminating against or abusing them

114
Q

What is the “hostile imagination” mentality?

A

When propaganda creates an enemy that is hated by the general populace, and then feared enough to want to destroy them

115
Q

Scapegoating works most readily when the object of scorn is __________

A

readily identifiable

116
Q

Behavioural discrimination itself can _______ or ______ prejudiced attitudes

A

cause; reinforce

117
Q

Humans are __________ creatures as much as __________ ones, so we endlessly justify our decisions and behaviours to make them appear reasonable

A

rationalising; rational

118
Q

The most powerful psychological process underlying prejudice, discrimination and intergroup violence is __________

A

dehumanisation

119
Q

What is dehumanisation?

A

The psychological process of thinking about certain other people or groups as less than human, like feared or hated animals

120
Q

Thinking about others as less than human means that one can suspend ___________, and other processes that constrain hate and violence

A

moral reasoning, empathy, compassion

121
Q

Why are informational approaches so ineffective for combating prejudice?

A

Selective exposure

We avoid information that conflicts with our view of the world

122
Q

What are 3 ways to attack the prejudices of people who do not want to listen to another viewpoint?

A
  1. Use of new role models (to prevent prejudice than to cure it)
  2. Equal status contact
  3. New legislation
    - Jigsaw Classroom
    - rules requiring equal status contact
123
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

The negative effect on performance (both intellectual and athletic tasks) that arises when an individual becomes aware that members of his or her group are expected to perform poorly in that domain

124
Q

What is stereotype lift?

A

The enhanced performance of a reverse stereotype, that makes you believe you are superior to another group on any dimension

eg Whites take a test that they know Blacks have a negative stereotype in, they get a psychological edge from being on the upside of the negative stereotype and perform better

125
Q

What is stereotype susceptibility?

A

When people feel positively labelled with a stereotype and so, perform better

126
Q

Reward theory, expectancy-value theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and attribution theory all tell us that we respond not just to situations but to

A

our cognitive interpretations

127
Q

What is system power?

A

Influences on behaviour that come from top-down sources in the form of creating and maintaining various situations that in turn have an impact on actions of individuals in those behavioural contexts

128
Q

Systems shape ______, which in turn affect ______

A

situations; behaviour

129
Q

What is the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A

A classic study of institutional power in directing normal, healthy college student volunteers playing randomly assigned roles of prisoners and guards to behave contrary to their dispositional tendencies, as cruel guards or pathological prisoners

130
Q

What is the Abu Ghraib Prison?

A

A prison in Iraq made famous by revelation of photos taken by Army Reserve MP guards in the acts of humiliating and torturing prisoners

131
Q

Situations are created by _______

A

systems

132
Q

Systems provide the ________ that allow situations to operate as they do

A

institutional support, authority, and resources

133
Q

What is ideology?

A

Ideology is a slogan or proposition that usually legitimizes whatever means are necessary to attain an ultimate goal

134
Q

What is the public health model?

A

It recognises individual affliction and illness as the consequence of a vector of disease in society

135
Q

What is the Schlesinger Report?

A

A report issued by one of the official investigations of the Abu Ghraib Prison abuses, headed by James Schlesinger, former Secretary of Defense

It highlighted the social psychological factors that contributed to creating an abusive environment

136
Q

What is bullying?

A

The act of systemically and chronically inflicting physical hurt and/or psychological distress others, in school classrooms or work settings, by one or more others, for personal, sadistic pleasure

It qualifies as a form of ordinary or everyday evil

137
Q

What are the most frequently experienced types of bullying?

A
  1. Physical (including stealing, breaking belongings, extorting money)
  2. Verbal (includes hostile gestures like making faces and spitting)
  3. Relational (exclusion, gossiping, spreading rumours, ostracizing, scapegoating, silent treatment)
  4. Cyberbullying
  5. Harassment
138
Q

Those with ______ status have no need to bully anyone and those with _____ status don’t have the social power to pull off being aggressive

A

highest; lowest

139
Q

What are 3 subtle forms of influence that can lead to persuasion? (SAP(PA))

A
  1. Social validation
  2. Authority
  3. The Poison Parasite Argument

Intro To Psych HP1000 (12 decks)

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