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Intro To Psych HP1000 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

The psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behaviour in different situations at different times

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2
Q

Personality is the psychology of ________ _________

A

individual differences

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3
Q

What theory is suited for a snapshot of a person’s current personality characteristics?

A

Theory of temperaments, traits, or types

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4
Q

What is a theory suited to understand someone as a developing, changing being?

A

Psychodynamic, humanistic, or social-cognitive theories of personality

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5
Q

What theory is suited to knowing how people understand each other?

A

Implicit theories of personality

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6
Q

What is a theory about whether people understand each other in the same ways the world around?

A

Cross-cultural work in personality

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7
Q

Personality is shaped by the combined forces of ______, ______ and _____ processes - all embedded in a _____ and _____ context

A

biological; situational; mental; sociocultural; developmental

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8
Q

Heredity accounts for only roughly ____ our characteristics

A

half

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9
Q

Personality psychologist _________ suggests that environmental influences overwhelm all other effects

A

Walter Mischel

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10
Q

What is disposition?

A

Relatively stable personality pattern, including temperaments, traits, and personality types

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11
Q

Disposition is the ________ approach to personality

A

descriptive

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12
Q

What is a personality process?

A

The internal working of the personality, involving motivation, emotion, perception and learning, as well as unconscious processes

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13
Q

Personality processes explain personality using the _______ approach

A

process theories

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14
Q

What is individualism?

A

The view, common in the Euro-American world, that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction

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15
Q

What is collectivism?

A

The view, common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction

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16
Q

The fact that displacement of aggression is found in humans everywhere, as well as in animals, suggests that it is rooted in _______

A

our biological nature

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17
Q

Give an example that shows the influence of nurture on personality

A

An example given in the text involves the influence of birth order on personality. There are many others, including perhaps, examples from your own experience. And in the news we read of “child soldiers” who are caught in the civil wars of the world’s poorest countries and are trained as hardened killers

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18
Q

What is the distinction between trait and temperament personalities and the process theories of personality?

A

The dispositional theories describe personality in terms of characteristics (traits, temperaments or types), while the process theories describe personality in terms of internal processes (e.g. motivation, learning or perception) and social interactions

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19
Q

A person from a collectivist culture is more likely than one from an individualist culture to emphasise

A

the importance of the group and harmonious relationships within the group

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20
Q

What are the major factors that affect the formation of the personality?

A

Personality is shaped by biology, the environment (situational pressures), mental processes, development and the sociocultural context

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21
Q

Who suggested that a person’s temperament resulted from the balance of the four humors?

A

Hippocrates

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22
Q

Hippocrates suggested that a person’s temperament resulted from the balance of four _____

A

humors

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23
Q

What are humors?

A

Four body fluids – bloods, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile – that, according to an ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance

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24
Q

Temperaments are thought of as _________ ____________ of personality, that have a strong biological basis

A

global dispositions

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25
Q

Traits are thought of as ______________ (i.e. can have a degree on the scale), and considered to be more influenced by experiences than temperaments

A

multiple dimensions of personality

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26
Q

Personality types are thought of ____ rather than dimensions: you either fit the pattern for a type or you do not

A

categories

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27
Q

The ______ theories all suggest a small set of personality characteristics, known as temperaments, traits, or types, that provide consistency to the individual’s personality over time

A

dispositional

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28
Q

What is dispositional theory?

A

A general term that includes the temperament, trait, and type approaches to personality

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29
Q

What is temperament?

A

Biologically based personality dispositions that are usually apparent in early childhood and that establish the foundation of the personality and the mood of an individual’s approach to life

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30
Q

The _________ in the brain is responsible for regulating one’s basic disposition

A

frontal lobes

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31
Q

Biological psychologists also think that some individual differences in temperament arise from the balance (or imbalance) of _____, aka _______ in the brain

A

chemicals; neurotransmitters

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32
Q

What are traits?

A

Multiple stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions

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33
Q

Traits are built on the foundation of ______ but also influenced by ______

A

temperament; experience

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34
Q

Trait theorists focus primarily on the _____ and _____ components of personality, excluding other attributes such as IQ and creativity

A

motivational; emotional

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35
Q

What is the five-factor theory? (OCEAN)

A

A trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimensions (aka the Big Five):
1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

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36
Q

The Big Five traits are ______ dimensions, meaning they exist on a _____

Most people fall near the middle

A

bipolar; continuum

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37
Q

The Big Five can be measured using a paper-and-pencil instrument called the ______

A

NEO Personality Inventory (or NEO-PI)

NEO –> Neuroticism, extraversion, openness

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38
Q

An instrument that measures clinical traits (i.e. signs of mental disorder) is the _________

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

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39
Q

What is reliability?

A

An attribute of a psychological test that gives consistent results

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40
Q

What is validity?

A

An attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what it is being used to measure

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41
Q

What is a personality type?

A

Similar to a trait, but instead of being a dimension, a type is a category that is believed to represent a common cluster of personality characteristics

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42
Q

What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

A

A widely used personality test based on Jungian types

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43
Q

_______ has suggested that the biological basis for different temperaments may come from each person’s unique mix of neurotransmitters

A

Jerome Kagan

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44
Q

The MMPI-2 does not assess conventional personality traits. Instead, its 10 clinical scales assess ___________

A

tendencies toward serious mental problems

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45
Q

The limits to applying the big five trait scale to non-Western cultures may be due, in part, to differences in the importance of

A

social roles and family structure patterns

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46
Q

Temperament, trait, and type theories describe the differences among people in terms of ____ but not ____

A

personality characteristics; personality processes

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47
Q

What are the 3 kinds of process theories?

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Humanistic
  3. Cognitive
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48
Q

While each of the process theories see different forces at work in personality, all portray personality as the result of both ______ and ______

A

internal mental processes; social interactions

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49
Q

What is the psychodynamic theory?

A

A group of theories that originated with Freud

All emphasise motivation, often unconscious motivation, and the influence of the past on the development of mental disorders

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50
Q

What are humanistic theories?

A

A group of personality theories that focus on human growth and potential rather than on mental disorder

All emphasise the functioning of the individual in the present rather than on the influence of past events

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51
Q

What are social-cognitive theories?

A

A group of theories that involve explanations of limited but important aspects of personality (e.g. locus of control)

All grew out of experimental psychology

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52
Q

What is hypnotizability?

A

The ability to follow suggestions offered by a hypnotic agent

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53
Q

The first comprehensive theory of personality, created by Freud, was known as ______

A

psychoanalysis

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54
Q

Psychoanalysis was created by ____

A

Sigmund Freud

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55
Q

What is another name for psychoanalysis?

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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56
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

A method of treating mental disorders that is based on Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

The goal of psychoanalysis is to release unacknowledged conflicts, urges, and memories from the unconscious

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57
Q

What is the unconscious (Freudian theory)?

A

In Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the individual is not aware but that is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives and conflicts unavailable to consciousness

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58
Q

What is libido (Freudian theory)?

A

The Freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure

Latin for “lust”

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59
Q

Freud named the unconscious sex drive ____ after the Greek god of passionate love

A

Eros

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60
Q

Freud named the unconscious “death instinct” _______ from the Greek word for “death”

A

Thanatos

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61
Q

He thought Thanatos drove the_______ that humans commit against each other and even against themselves (e.g. smoking, compulsive gambling, reckless driving, drug abuse)

A

aggressive and destructive acts

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62
Q

Freud pictured the personality as a trinity composed of the ____, the ____ and the ____, which together form a mind continually at war within itself

A

ego; id; superego

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63
Q

What is the id (Freudian theory)?

A

The primitive, unconscious portion of the personality that houses the most basic drives and stores repressed memories

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64
Q

What is the superego (Freudian theory)?

A

The mind’s storehouse of values, including moral attitudes learned from parents and from society; roughly the same as the common notion of the conscience

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65
Q

What is the ego (Freudian theory)?

A

The conscious, rational part of the personality, charged with keeping peace between the superego and the id

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66
Q

He believed that the sexual and aggressive forces of the _____ wage a continuous battle against the moralistic forces of the _____

A

id; superego

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67
Q

Freud thought the id contained the drives ____ and ____

A

Eros; Thanatos

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68
Q

Freud thought the id _____ all three parts of the personality, acts on _____ and pushes for immediate ____, without concern for consequences

A

energises; impulse; gratification

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69
Q

The superego also includes the _________, an individual’s view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become

A

ego ideal

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70
Q

What are psychosexual stages?

A

Successive, instinctive developmental phases in which pleasure is associated with stimulation of different bodily areas at different times of life

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71
Q

What are the stages of the psychosexual stages?

A

Oral (suckling, crying, spewing)

Anal (associated with elimination, eg sharing bad/dirty words)

Phallic (immature sexual expression)

Latency

Genital

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72
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby young males displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers

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73
Q

What is identification?

A

The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent

74
Q

What is the Electra complex?

A

Concept advanced by Carl Jung, highlighting a girl’s psychosexual competition with mother for the father’s love, which is resolved in psychoanalytic theory when girl comes to identify with same-sex adult

Equivalent to Oedipus complex in males

75
Q

What leads to fixation?

A

Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage

76
Q

What is the ego defense mechanism?

A

A largely unconscious mental strategy employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety

77
Q

Freud said ego defense mechanisms operate at the ________ level

A

preconscious

78
Q

What is repression?

A

An unconscious process that excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory

79
Q

What are common ego defense mechanisms?

A
  1. Fantasy
  2. Rationalisation
  3. Repression
  4. Denial
  5. Reaction formation
  6. Displacement
  7. Regression
  8. Sublimation
  9. Projection
80
Q

What is a projective test?

A

A personality assessment instrument which is based on Freud’s ego defense mechanism of projection

81
Q

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Technique?

A

A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of 10 inkblots

82
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

A projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures

83
Q

Who developed the TAT?

A

Henry Murray

84
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

Freud’s assumption that all our mental and behavioural responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflict

85
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

When “accidental” speech or behaviour belies an unconscious conflict or desire

86
Q

Cognitive psychologists today believe that most slips of the tongues are mix-ups in the ________ we use to produce language and have no relationship to unconscious intentions

A

brain mechanisms

87
Q

What is a neo-Freudian?

A

Literally “new Freudian”; refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality

88
Q

Who installed the theory of the two-part unconscious?

A

Carl Jung

89
Q

What is the Jungian personal unconscious?

A

Jung’s term for that portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to the Freudian id

90
Q

What is the Jungian collective unconscious?

A

Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories”, including the archetypes, which exist in all people

91
Q

What is an archetype?

A

One of the ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. Archetypes appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world

92
Q

Among archetypal memories, the animus represent the _____ side while the anima represents the ____ side of our personalities

A

masculine; feminine

93
Q

The _____ archetype represents the destructive and aggressive tendencies (similar to Freud’s Thanatos)

A

shadow

94
Q

What is Jung’s principle of opposites?

A

His principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of tendencies or dispositions

95
Q

Jung’s __________ portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of tendencies or dispositions

A

Principle of opposites

96
Q

The overall pattern of tendencies was termed a __________

A

personality type

97
Q

What is introversion?

A

The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience – one’s own thoughts and feelings – making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extravert

98
Q

What is extraversion?

A

The Jungian personality dimension that involves turning one’s attention outward, toward others

99
Q

Horney said that women want the same opportunities and rights that men enjoy, and many personality differences between males and females result from _________

A

learned social roles

100
Q

Horney thinks normal growth involves the full development of __________ and of one’s _________

A

social relationships; potential

101
Q

What is basic anxiety as proposed by Horney?

A

An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment

102
Q

Who suggested the concept of basic anxiety?

A

Karen Horney

103
Q

When basic anxiety gets out of control, people become _______

A

neurotic

104
Q

What are neurotic needs?

A

Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, the ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme

105
Q

What are Horney’s 3 common patterns of attitudes and behaviours that people use to deal with basic anxiety?

A
  1. Move towards others
    - need for love and approval and dependency
  2. Move against others
    - earn power and respect by competing
    - risk being feared and alone at the top
  3. Move away from others
    - protect themselves from imagined hurt
    - close themselves off from intimacy and support
106
Q

To humanistic psychologists, personality is driven by _________

A

positive needs to adapt, learn, grow and thrive

107
Q

Humanistic psychologists see mental disorders as stemming from unhealthy _________ rather than from unhealthy _________

A

situations; individuals

108
Q

What is a self-actualizing personality?

A

A healthy individual who has met his or her basic needs and is free to be creative and fulfil his or her potentialities

109
Q

According to Maslow, what are the characteristics of self-actualizers? (4)

A
  1. Creative
  2. Full of good humor
  3. Given to spontaneity
  4. Accepting of their own limitations and those of others
110
Q

Who proposed the hierarchy of needs?

A

Maslow

111
Q

Who is Carl Rogers’s fully functioning person?

A

Carl Rogers’s term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality

112
Q

According to Carl Rogers, negative experiences can produce ______

A

incongruence, a threat to one’s self-esteem

113
Q

What is the phenomenal field?

A

One’s psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings

114
Q

Rogers, Maslow, Rollo May, believe that our most basic motives are for _______

A

positive growth

115
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

A recent movement within psychology, focusing on desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology

116
Q

Who pioneered postive psychology?

A

Martin Seligman

117
Q

Albert Bandura maintains that we are driven not just by inner motivational forces or external rewards or punishments but by our _______ of how our actions might gain us rewards or cost us pains

A

expectations

118
Q

According to Bandura, a distinctive feature of the human personality is the ability to _______________

A

foresee the consequences of actions, particularly in learning what happens to others when they behave in certain ways

119
Q

What is observational learning?

A

A form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others’ behaviour and the consequences of their behaviour

120
Q

According to Bandura, personality is a collection of _________

A

learned behaviour patterns

121
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

The process in which cognitions, behaviour, and the environment mutually influence each other

122
Q

In reciprocal determinism, each of the three elements __________ the others

A

reinforces

(behaviour, cognition, and the environment)

123
Q

What is locus of control?

A

An individual’s sense of whether control over his or her life is internal or external

124
Q

Who developed the theory on locus of control?

A

Julian Rotter

125
Q

Rotter’s theory of _______ is both a trait and a “process” theory of personality

A

locus of control

126
Q

To measure locus of control, Rotter uses the ____________

A

Internal-External Locus of Control Scale

127
Q

What is the family systems theory?

A

A perspective on personality and treatment that emphasises the family rather than the individual as the basic unit of analysis

128
Q

What are the 3 new trends in our thinking about personality?

A
  1. Family systems theory
  2. Increasing awareness of cultural differences
  3. Increasing appreciation of gender influences
129
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s greatest discovery, and the concept that distinguishes psychoanalysis from the humanistic and social-cognitive theories?

A

Freud’s discovery of the unconscious mind

130
Q

What is the ego defense mechanism on which the Rorschach and TAT are based?

A

Projection

131
Q

If you react strongly to angry outbursts in others, you may be struggling with which Jungian archetype?

A

The shadow archetype

132
Q

In contrast with Freud, Karen Horney believed that the forces behind our behaviours are

A

social

133
Q

The humanists theorists were very different from the psychodynamic theorists because of their emphasis on ________

A

the healthy personality and human potential

134
Q

You try to understand people based on the role models they follow. What kind of personality theorist are you?

A

A social-cognitive theorist

135
Q

What do the psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive theories of personality have in common?

A

They all acknowledge the importance of internal mental processes

136
Q

What is implicit personality theory?

A

A person’s set of unquestioned assumptions about personality, used to simplify the task of understanding others

137
Q

People usually see assertive or argumentative behaviour as a sign of _________ in men but ________ in women

A

emotional stability; emotional instability

138
Q

Implicit theories have blind spots because they rely on __________ and ________ about traits and physical characteristics

A

naive assumptions; stereotypes

139
Q

Implicit theories may also give bad predictions when people’s ___________ influence their judgement of others’ personalities

A

motives and feelings

similar to projection

140
Q

What is a mindset?

A

The extent to which one believes abilities and talents are fixed by nature or can change and grow through practice and that experience influence successes that require hard work and effort, and also one’s reactions to failure

141
Q

What is a self-narrative? What is its function?

A

The “stories” one tells about oneself

Self-narratives help people sense a thread of consistency through their personalities over time

142
Q

What is the redemptive self?

A

A common self-narrative identified by McAdams in generative Americans

The redemptive self involves a self of being called to overcome obstacles in the effort to help others

143
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

The dual tendency to overemphasise internal, dispositional causes and minimise external, situational pressures

144
Q

The fundamental attribution error (FAE) is less common in __________ cultures than in __________ cultures

A

collectivistic; individualistic

145
Q

What are 3 ways people use to make decisions?

A
  1. Stimulation in the immediate situation: sensory, biological, social
    -> present-oriented
  2. Revisit similar situations in the past
    -> past-oriented
  3. Cost-benefit estimations about future consequences
    -> future-oriented
146
Q

One reliable scale to measure time decisions is _________

A

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI)

147
Q

In what important respect have people’s implicit theories of personality been found to differ?

A

People’s implicit theories differ on whether personality traits are fixed or changeable

148
Q

What is the term that best describes the dynamic relationship between culture and personality?

A

Interaction

149
Q

People’s implicit personality theories involve

A

the assumptions that they make about each other’s motives, intentions and behaviours

150
Q

What is the person-situation controversy?

A

Debate over the relative contributions to understanding human behaviour from personality processes, like traits, versus social psychological processes, like the power of situational variables

151
Q

_________, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s personality is built

A

Temperament

152
Q

A _______ is a relatively stable personality tendency that guides one’s thoughts and actions across various conditions

A

trait

153
Q

If you are completing a paper/pencil test that requires you to read statements and indicate “true” or “false” as to whether or not they apply to you, then you are likely taking a _____

A

personality inventory

154
Q

A serious criticism of trait theories is that these believe personality is _____ and _____

A

fixed; static

155
Q

Conversion disorder was referred to as _____ in the 1800s

A

hysteria

156
Q

_______ demonstrated that hysteria could be treated using hypnosis

A

Jean Charcot

157
Q

Freud believed that the ________ was the most important determining factor in human behaviour and personality

A

unconscious mind

158
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, _______ is the energy behind our sex drive

A

libido

159
Q

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely _____

A

amoral (no sense of right or wrong)

160
Q

The ______ is the part of personality that most people think of as the conscience

A

superego

161
Q

When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, he was referring to the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them ______

A

physical pleasure

162
Q

According to Freud’s theory of personality development, there are ____ stages that each person must pass through

A

5

163
Q

The correct sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages is:

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

164
Q

According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the ____

A

phallic stage

165
Q

Freud believed that people who are focused on doing things with their mouth are fixated in the ____ stage

A

oral

166
Q

Freud believed that people who are uptight and compulsively neat are fixated in the ___ stage

A

anal

167
Q

Freud believed that we could become _____ at a stage if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage

A

fixated

168
Q

Assessment instruments in which individuals are asked to describe ambiguous stimuli are called ______ tests

A

projective

169
Q

A person’s responses to a projective test are thought to reflect _________

A

unconscious thoughts and feelings

170
Q

One criticism of Rorschach tests is that they have _________

A

low validity and reliability

171
Q

Freudian theory is ________ of a person

A

poor at predicting the future behaviour

172
Q

The main problem with Freud’s theory is _______

A

lack of testability; Freudian concepts are difficult to test

173
Q

Freud’s influence is still evident today in ________

A

advertising and marketing

174
Q

Freud is to sexuality as Jung is to _______

A

spirituality

(Jung felt that spirituality was a driving force behind behaviour)

175
Q

The neo-Freudian Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called _______

A

archetypes

(eg “anima”, “trickster”, “mother”)

176
Q

Horney believed that _____ may block the normal development of a personality

A

basic anxiety

177
Q

Theorists such as ______ and ______ placed greater importance on social factors than did Freud

A

Erik Erikson; Alfred Adler

178
Q

Humanistic theories are ____ about the nature of human personality

A

optimistic

179
Q

Carl Rogers would say that students are experiencing __________ when they view themselves as brilliants, but earn Cs in all their classes

A

incongruence

(when we do not see ourselves as we actually are)

180
Q

A key criticism of the humanistic approach is that it has concepts which are ________

A

difficult to define

Intro To Psych HP1000 (12 decks)

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