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Intro To Psych HP1000 > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are motives?

A

Motives are internal dispositions to act in certain ways, although they can be influenced by multiple factors, both internal and external

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2
Q

What is motivation?

A

Refers to all the processes involves in initiating, directing and maintaining physical and psychological activities

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3
Q

What are the 3 stages of fulfilling a need?

A
  1. Sensing a need or desire
  2. Activating and guiding the organism by selecting, directing, and sustaining the mental and physical activity aimed at meeting the need or desire
  3. Reducing the sensation of need
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4
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

The desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence, such as a reward

Eg money, grades, food, drink, praise, awards, sex

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5
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

The desire to engage in an activity for its own sake rather than for some external consequence such as a reward

i.e. an intrinsically motivated activity is its own reward

eg feeling intrinsically motivated when you enjoy meting a new challenge on the job

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6
Q

What is the need of achievement (n Ach)?

A

In McClelland’s theory, a mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach some goal

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7
Q

What tool did McClelland use to rate the need for achievement (n Ach)?

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) developed by Murray

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8
Q

What are the 3 motives that propel us to work? (AAP)

A
  1. Need for achievement (n Ach)
  2. Need for affiliation
  3. Need for power (in the positive sense of achieving things)
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9
Q

Triandis’s insight on cultures suggest that n Ach has a strong ________ component

A

cultural

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10
Q

External reinforcement _______ internal motivation

A

displaces

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11
Q

What is overjustification?

A

The process by which extrinsic (external) rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation, as when a child receives money for playing video games

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12
Q

As a result of ______, the children’s motivation had changed from intrinsic to extrinsic

A

overjustification

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13
Q

When does the overjustification effect happen?

A

When a reward is given without regard for quality of performance

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14
Q

What are the 3 major effects of rewards on motivation and the conditions?

A
  1. Effective in motivating people to do things they would not otherwise want to do
  2. Add to intrinsic motivation, IF GIVEN for good performance
  3. Interfere with intrinsic motivation, IF GIVEN without regard for quality of work
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15
Q

What is mind flow?

A

In Csikszentmihalyi’s theory, an intense focus on an activity accompanied by increased creativity and near-ecstatic feelings

Flow involves intrinsic motivation

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16
Q

Give 4 reasons why psychologists find the concept of motivation useful

A

The concept of motivation
1. connects observable behaviour to internal states
2. accounts for variability in behaviour
3. explains perseverance despite adversity
4. relates biology to behaviour

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17
Q

What is instinct theory?

A

The now-outmoded view that certain behaviours are completely determined by innate factors

It was flawed because it overlooked the effects of learning and because it employed instincts merely as labels rather than as explanation for behaviour

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18
Q

Instincts involve both a lot of ________ and a little _________

A

nature; nurture

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19
Q

Who are ethologists?

A

They study animal behaviour in natural habitats

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20
Q

What are fixed-action patterns?

A

Genetically based behaviours, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus

aka unlearned behaviour patterns that are triggered by identifiable stimuli eg nestbuilding, suckling responses

Replaces the notion of instinct

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21
Q

What is biological drive?

A

A motive, such as thirst, that is based primarily in biology

A drive is a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy a biological need

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22
Q

What is drive theory?

A

Developed as an alternative to instinct theory, drive theory explains motivation as a process in which a biological need produces a drive that moves an organism to meet the need

For most drives this process return the organism to a balanced condition (homeostasis)

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23
Q

What is a need (in drive theory)?

A

A need is a biological imbalance (such as dehydration) that threatens survival if the need is left unmet

Biological needs are believed to produce drives

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24
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to nutrients, water and temperature

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25
Q

What is drive reduction?

A

A process where drive level subsides when the need is satisfied

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26
Q

What are the limitations of drive theory?

A
  1. Faltered when cognitive, social and cultural forces at involved
  2. Cannot explain why, in the absence of any deprivation or needs, organisms sometimes act to increase stimulation
  3. Cannot explain behaviour motivated by goals (aka psychological motives)
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27
Q

_____ trumps hunger and thirst

A

Curiosity

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28
Q

In contrast to biological drives, psychological motives serve __________ but are strongly rooted in __________

A

no immediate biological need; learning, incentives, threats or social and cultural pressures

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29
Q

The new evolutionary theory of motivation think that everything we do is underlined by the _________ needs for ________ and ________

A

Darwinian; survival; reproduction

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30
Q

What are the 5 theories of motivation? (DEFIM)

A
  1. Drive Theory
  2. Evolutionary Theory
  3. Freud’s Theory
  4. Instinct Theory
  5. Maslow’s Theory
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31
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

In Maslow’s theory, the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic

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32
Q

Unlike the other theories of motivation, Maslow’s perspective attempts to span the whole spectrum of human motivation from ________ to _______ to _______

A

biological drives; social motives; creativity

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33
Q

What are the 6 classes of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, in priority order?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Safety
  3. Love, attachment, affiliation
  4. Esteem
  5. Self-actualization
  6. Self-transcendence
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34
Q

What distinguishes self-transcendence from self-actualization?

A

Shift from personal pleasure or other egocentric beliefs to some cause beyond the self

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35
Q

What are the limitations of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Cannot explain why people sometimes neglect basic biological needs in favour of higher ones
  2. Cannot explain the behaviour of people who deliberately take their own lives
  3. Ignores the powerful sex drive
  4. Cross-cultural psychologists criticise that the emphasis on self-actualization applies primarily to individualistic cultures
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36
Q

What is the functional level of analysis?

A

Concerns the adaptive function of a motive in terms of the organism’s survival and reproduction

Typically survival needs -> reproductive needs & social needs

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37
Q

What is the proximal level of analysis?

A

Concerns stimuli in the organism’s immediate environment, which can temporarily change motivational priorities

(proximal can also refer to thinks humans are thinking about)

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38
Q

What is the developmental level of analysis?

A

Concerns changes in the organism’s developmental process that might change motivational priorities, as when hormones heighten sexual interest in adolescence

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39
Q

What are the 3 influences that can change motivational priorities? (PDF)

A
  1. Proximal
  2. Developmental
  3. Functional
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40
Q

Adler taught that problem behaviour often grows out of feelings of ________ and perceived ________

A

personal inadequacy; social threats

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41
Q

What is social interest?

A

A goal or need for cooperation and the desire for acceptance by others

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42
Q

Modern social psychologists combine the notions of ________ with _________ incentives and threats in what they call the “power of the situation”

A

social motivation; extrinsic

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43
Q

Why has the term instinct dropped out of favour with psychologists?

A

Instinct has become an imprecise term that merely labels behaviour rather than explaining it

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44
Q

What is the role of homeostasis in drive theory?

A

Homeostasis refers to the equilibrium condition to which an organism tends to return after reducing a biological drive

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45
Q

Explain why self-actualization is characterised as the “highest” need but with the lowest priority

A

Self-actualisation is at the top of the pyramid of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs – and in this sense is the “highest” of the needs.

However, the needs lower in the hierarchy are more basic and so have higher priority than self-actualization

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46
Q

The evolution-based modification of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that our motivational priorities can change, depending primarily on

A

our developmental and proximal stimuli

47
Q

Although dissimilar in many respects, ____ and ____ both have evolutionary origins, and each has an essential place in the motivational hierarchy

A

hunger; sex

48
Q

What are the 5 biological factors affecting hunger and eating? (HERBS)

A
  1. Set point (Homeostasis) mechanisms
  2. Exercise
  3. Reward system preferences
  4. Brain mechanisms controlling hunger
  5. Sensors in the stomach
49
Q

What is the set point?

A

Tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight

50
Q

What is the brain mechanism controlling hunger?

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

The hormone ____ signals hunger while ____ signals when the set point has been reached

A

ghrelin; leptin

52
Q

We are adapted to prefer _______ foods, which is why we prefer _____ and _____ foods

A

calorie-dense; sweet; high-fat

53
Q

Extreme exercise _______ hunger, but studies show that moderate exercise ________ appetite

A

provokes; suppresses

54
Q

What are some psychological factors affecting hunger and eating? (CPL)

A
  1. Culture
  2. Proximal factors (eg threats, stress, depression)
  3. Learning (association)
55
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

An eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health and stemming from emotional or psychological reasons rather than from organic causes (physical disorders)

Literally means “nervous anorexia”
anorexia: persistent lack of appetite

56
Q

Anorexia nervosa poses the ________ of any recognised psychological condition

A

highest mortality rate

57
Q

What qualifies as anorexia?

A

When a person weighs less than 85% of her desirable weight and still worries about being fat

58
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

An eating disorder characterised by eating binges followed by “purges”, induced by vomiting or laxatives; typically initiated as a weight-control measure

59
Q

What are the dangers of anorexia? (MOBS)

A
  1. Cessation of menstruation
  2. Osteoporosis
  3. Bone fractures
  4. Shrinkage of brain tissue
60
Q

What are the dangers of bulimic vomiting?

A

Damage to esophagus, throat and teeth caused by stomach acid

61
Q

Guisinger suggests that _______ under conditions of starvation may have been an advantage that motivated the ancestors of modern-day individuals with _______ to leave famine-impoverished environments

A

hyperactivity; anorexia

62
Q

What are the dangers of obesity?

A

Heart disease, stroke, diabetes

63
Q

Experts believe that the causes of obesity include:

A
  1. Poor diet
    - super-size portions
    - high-fat and high-sugar foods
  2. Genetics
  3. Activity level
  4. Lack of sleep
    - body mistakes sleepiness for hunger
  5. Stone-Age strategy
    - eat more when food is abundant to prepare for times of famine
    - not good because we don’t use the energy (hunting/digging)
64
Q

Why do psychologists object to the term “will power”?

A
  1. Like “instinct”, it is used merely as a label instead of an explanation
  2. It is often used as a moral judgment, suggesting that the person has a deficiency in character if he has a “weak will”
65
Q

Damage to parts of the ____ system is known to make control of eating more difficult

A

limbic

66
Q

Self-control is a cognitive resource that can be _______

A

temporarily depleted

67
Q

Those who needed to exercise self-control had ______ levels than those who did not

A

lower blood-sugar

Because sugar (glucose) is an energy source for the body,
the researchers speculate that exerting will power used up some of that energy, making people less efficient on the second task

68
Q

Self-control is based, at least in part, on the body’s ______

A

ready energy reserves

69
Q

The sex drive is not _______

A

homeostatic

i.e. having sex does not return the body to an equilibrium condition

70
Q

The underlying factor in sexuality and tendency to get in trouble with the law may be _________

A

risk-taking tendency

71
Q

What is the sexual response cycle?

A

The four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm and resolution, occurring in both men and women

72
Q

What are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle? (EPOR)

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
  4. Resolution
73
Q

Men and women have remarkably _______ patterns of biological response with regards to sex

A

similar

74
Q

Although the phases of the sexual response cycle are similar in both men and women, women tend to respond _______ but often remain __________

A

more slowly; aroused longer

This makes sense from a biological standpoint because the male is likely to ejaculate before the female loses interest

75
Q

Many women can have _________ in a short time period while men rarely do

A

multiple orgasms

76
Q

Size of genitals or other physical sex characteristics is ___________ to any aspect of sexual performance

A

generally unrelated

77
Q

Chivers discovered that heterosexual women are aroused by a __________ than are heterosexual men

A

broader range of erotic stimuli

78
Q

Gay men and lesbian women are ___________ in their erotic tastes than heterosexual counterparts

A

more particular

79
Q

Peplau pointed out 4 especially important differences between men and women which are:

A
  1. Men show more interest in sex than do women
    - think abt it more often
    - more likely to attend to visual sexual stimuli
    - prefer to have it more frequently
  2. Women are more likely than men to view sex in the context of a committed relationship
    - romanticise sexual desire as a longing for emotional intimacy
    - men see it as physical pleasure
  3. Sex is more likely to be linked with aggression for males than for females
  4. Women’s sexuality has greater “plasticity”
    - behaviours and beliefs are more readily shaped by socio-cultural factors
    - higher education is correlated with more liberal sexual attitudes
80
Q

During orgasm, many regions associated with _________ in a woman’s brain (unlike a man’s) seem to fall silent

A

emotional control

response involves the dampening of anxiety responses that could otherwise inhibit orgasm

81
Q

______ generally have priority over ______

A

Biological drives; psychological motives

82
Q

_____ and _____ are both biological drives and psychological motives

A

hunger; sex

83
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

One’s erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (homosexual orientation), the opposite sex (heterosexual orientation) or both sexes (bisexual orientation)

84
Q

What is transsexualism?

A

People who view themselves as persons of the sex opposite to their biological sex

85
Q

What is transvestism?

A

People who cross-dress for sexual reasons

86
Q

Describe the multiple systems approach to understanding hunger

A

Because hunger has not only biological components but also cognitive, social, and cultural aspects, it must be understood as involving a complex interaction of factors

The multiple systems approach recognises such factors as blood sugar and fat level monitored by the hypothalamus, homeostatic feedback from fat cells, pressure and nutrient detections in the stomach, reward system in the brain, physical activity, emotional state, food-related stimulus, and social-cultural pressures

87
Q

Explain, from an evolutionary perspective, why obesity is becoming more prevalent in industrialized nations

A

From an evolutionary standpoint, the human body evolved in an environment that required much more physical exercise than is required of most people in industrialised countries

This decrease in activity, along with an abundance of calorie-dense foods, has led to obesity

88
Q

From a biological standpoint, in what respect is sex different from other biological drives, such as hunger and thirst?

A

Sex is not a homeostatic drive, nor is it essential for the survival of the individual

89
Q

Why do psychologists avoid the term will power? What terms do they prefer instead?

A

The term will power suggests that it is a separate faculty of the mind, yet there is no evidence of a “will” that cannot be explained in more conventional terms that do not carry the baggage of a defect in character

Psychologists prefer to speak of “self-control” or “impulse control”

90
Q

The damage to the circuitry of Elliot’s ________ disrupted his ability to use his ________ to establish priorities among the objects, events, and people in his life

A

frontal lobes; emotions

91
Q

What is an emotion? What is its function?

A

A four-part process that involves physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation and behaviour expression

Emotions help organisms deal with important external events

92
Q

What does the physiological arousal component of emotion involve?

A

The autonomic nervous system and endocrine system are triggered, causing an extensive visceral response

93
Q

What does the cognitive interpretation component of emotion involve?

A

A conscious recognition and interpretation of the situation

94
Q

Where does the subjective feeling component of emotion come from? (3 sources)

A
  1. Brain sensing the body’s current state of arousal
  2. Memories of the body’s state in similar situations in the past (somatic marker)
  3. Mirror neurons (you feel the somatic marker of an emotion when you see someone else’s state)
95
Q

The brain stores a sort of emotional “body-image” that Antonio Damasio calls a __________

A

somatic marker

96
Q

What do emotions do for us? RADS

A
  1. Serve as Arousal states that signal important events
  2. Help the organism Recognise such situations quickly when they recur
  3. Increase Survival or reproductive success
  4. Help us make Decisions because they attach values to the alternative
97
Q

Emotions are either ________ or _________, which leads to a tendency for _______ or _______

A

positive; negative; approach; avoidance

98
Q

Approach emotions involve the __________, whereas avoidance emotions usually involve the __________

A

dopamine reward system; amygdala

99
Q

What are the 6 emotions that Izard argues for?

A
  1. Interest
  2. Joy/happiness
  3. Sadness
  4. Anger
  5. Disgust
  6. Fear
100
Q

What are the 7 emotions that Ekman argues for? What are they based on?

A
  1. Happiness
  2. Sadness
  3. Anger
  4. Disgust
  5. Fear
  6. Contempt
  7. Surprise
    Based on the universally recognised facial expressions he studied
101
Q

How many emotions does Plutchik argue for and what is it based on?

A

8+pride

Mathematical analysis of people’s ratings of a large number of emotional terms

102
Q

We have a limited number of basic emotions with a larger number of _________ that involves blends of the more basic emotions

A

secondary emotions

103
Q

What are display rules?

A

The permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society

104
Q

Give an example that illustrates how display rules can modify the universal facial expressions of emotion

A

Smiles may indicate happiness in some countries and embarrassment in others

105
Q

What differences in emotional expression of men and women seem to be heavily influenced by culture?

A

Cultures often encourage men to show emotions related to anger, aggression and dominance, while they encourage women to show emotions related to compliance and submission

106
Q

What are the brain’s 2 distinct emotion processing systems?

A
  1. Fast response system
  2. Conscious emotional processing
107
Q

How does the fast response emotion-processing system work?

A

It operates mainly at an unconscious level, where it quickly screens incoming stimuli and helps us respond quickly to potentially dangerous events, even before they reach consciousness

108
Q

The fast response system is linked to ________, whereas the conscious emotional processing is linked to _______

A

implicit memory; explicit memory

109
Q

The fast response system is a _______ system, making it hard to remove fears that could blossom into more serious problems known as _______

A

slow-to-forget; phobias

110
Q

Unconscious emotion circuits have a built-in sensitivity to certain stimuli that posed ____ throughout human history

A

threats

111
Q

The conscious emotional processing’s responses are comparatively ______ and _____

A

slow; considered

112
Q

What is lateralisation of emotion?

A

The two brain hemispheres process different various emotions

The left hemisphere apparently focuses on positive emotions while the right hemisphere deals primarily with negative emotions

113
Q
A

Intro To Psych HP1000 (12 decks)

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