Social Psychology

Question 1

Social facilitation

Answer 1

Ability to perform simple tasks better while in the presence of others
Inversely, complex or new task in presence of others can hinder performance

Question 2

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 2

Accounts for social facilitation - high arousal during difficult task leads to impairment of divided attention, working memory, decision-making, multi-tasking
High during simple leads to focused attention, flashbulb memory, fear conditioning

Question 3

Deindividuation

Answer 3

Tendency of losing self awareness in high group settings
Provides high degree of arousal, low sense of responsibility
3 factors:
Anonymity
Diffused responsibility
Group size

Question 4

Bystander effect

Answer 4

People do not offer help to a victim if there are other people present
Increases the bigger the group, decreases depending on if the group knows each other or how dangerous situation is

Question 5

Social loafing

Answer 5

Tendency to put in less effort in a group setting, particularly if you are being evaluated on the whole and not as an individual

Question 6

Group polarization

Answer 6

Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extremes than the initial, individual opinions of its members

Question 7

Reasons for affect of group polarization

Answer 7

Informational influence and normative influence

Question 8

Informational influence

Answer 8

Most common ideas to emerge out of group and in line with most dominant view point
Since they are most common, moderate members take on stronger stance since they are apart of the group

Question 9

Normative influence

Answer 9

Pull we feel of being socially desired, accepted, admired, liked.
If you want to be recognized as these things in the group, you take on the stronger stance

Question 10

Groupthink

Answer 10

Group of people has strong desire for harmony and individual conformity that group makes irrational decision

Question 11

Janis’ eight factors of groupthink

Answer 11

Collective rationalization 
Excessive stereotyping 
Illusion of invulnerability 
Illusion of morality 
Illusion of unanimity
Mindguards
Pressure on dissenters 
Self-censorship

Question 12

Collective rationalization

Answer 12

Group members ignore warnings and do not reconsider their actions, assumptions, or beliefs

Question 13

Excessive stereotyping

Answer 13

Negative views of outside or dissenting opinions render effective responses to conflict unnecessary

Question 14

Illusion of invulnerability

Answer 14

Unjustified and excessive sense of optimism encourages risk-taking

Question 15

Illusion or morality

Answer 15

Member of group believe in moral rightness of their cause and ignore the consequences of their actions

Question 16

Illusion of unanimity

Answer 16

Majority views are assumed to be unanimous

Question 17

Mindguards

Answer 17

Members of group protest groups cohesiveness by filtering out information that would be problematic

Question 18

Pressure on dissenters

Answer 18

Members are constantly under pressure to not express views or beliefs that are against those of the group

Question 19

Self-censorship

Answer 19

Members who do hold dissenting opinions do not share them

Question 20

Social norms

Answer 20

Rules they group or society has for behavior, beliefs, attitudes and values

Question 21

Sanctions

Answer 21

Enforce norms either through punishments or rewards for behaving in way that is, respectively, against or in line with norms

Question 22

Formal norms

Answer 22

Written down, specific, explicit. Typically associated with penalties for violating. Example: law

Question 23

Informal norm

Answer 23

Generally understood but not written or specifically defined. Not explicitly stated. Don’t have penalties associated with violating

Question 24

Mores

Answer 24

Informal norms that carry major importance for society — if broken can result in severe social sanctions:

Question 25

Folkways

Answer 25

Informal norms with less significance, but shape everyday behavior.
Less severe consequences they breaking a more.

Question 26

Deviance

Answer 26

Violation of societal norm - can have positive or negative results

Question 27

Differential association theory

Answer 27

Deviance and patterns of deviance can be learned through our interactions with others

Question 28

Differential association theory

Answer 28

Deviance and patterns of deviance can be learned through interactions with others

Question 29

Stigma

Answer 29

Extreme disapproval of certain person or group based on perceived deviations from the social norm

Question 30

Conformity

Answer 30

Matching one’s attitudes, behaviors and beliefs of social norms

Question 31

Internalization

Answer 31

Changing attitudes and behavior to fit in with the group

Question 32

Identification

Answer 32

Acceptance of other peoples ideas without thinking critically about them

Question 33

Compliance

Answer 33

Change in behavior in response to a direct request

Typically from person or group that does not actually have authority to enforce change

Question 34

Obedience

Answer 34

Change in behavior in response to a direct request but from a figure that actually has authority to enforce it

Question 35

Labeling theory

Answer 35

Labels that people are given socially affect how others see them but also how they see themselves

Question 36

Socialization

Answer 36

People inherit, develop and disseminate social norms customs and belief systems