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Biological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Functionalism

A

James and Dewey
mental processes of organism as whole
Input from environment leads to an adaptive response
dismissive of reductive/over-simplified approaches of earlier physiologists studying brain

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2
Q

Basic Structure of Neuron

A

soma = body
dendrites = projections which take in the data (inputs)
axon hillock = start of the axon where decision is made to send signal or not
axon = where signal is sent
myelin = what surrounds and insulates the axon
nodes of Ranvier = breaks in myelin
axonal terminal = signal is output

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3
Q

Glial cells

A

support neurons of the CNS and PNS

stabilize the environment around the neuron and are critically important to making nervous system function

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4
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

provide myelination in the CNS

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5
Q

Schwann Cells

A

provide myelination in the PNS

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6
Q

Astrocytes

A

provide various support functions to neurons in the CNS

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7
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS

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8
Q

Satellite Cells

A

control microenvironment around cell bodies in ganglia in the PNS

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9
Q

Microglia

A

macrophages that clean out microbes and debris in the CNS

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10
Q

Unipolar

A

single dendrite that splits into dendrioles but no axon
found in cerebellum and associated with balance
found in insects more than humans

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11
Q

Bipolar

A

sensory neuron for smell, sight, taste, hearing, balance

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12
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

sensory neuron in PNS
one axon splits with one part running to spinal cord and one running to periphery
found in dorsal root ganglia

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13
Q

Multipolar

A

single axon and mult. dendrites
classic image of neuron
includes moto neurons and interneurons

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14
Q

Resting voltage of a nerve cell

A

-70 mV
losing neg potential = depolarized
become more neg = hyperpolarized
ATPase maintains - for every 3 Na+ pushed out, 2 K+ come in

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15
Q

Describe the depolarization/hyperpolarization of an action potential

A

hit with stimuli - once depolarized to at least -55 mV, Na channels open. Sodium rushes out and the cell is depolarized
At peak, all Na channels are open (around +40 mV)
Triggers K channels to open, and Na channels close
Rapid repolarization as K rushes in
Temporarily hyperpolarized to prevent, then brought back to resting phase

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16
Q

What triggers release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

A

rush of Ca ions into the axon terminal . Triggers exocytosis or neurotransmitters which then bind to their receptors

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17
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

all your other nerves (afferent (into CNS) efferent (away from CNS))

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19
Q

Sensory nerves

A

afferent

bring data into CNS

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20
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent

signal muscles to respond to data from the CNS

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21
Q

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

A 
spinal = nerves that directly enter the spine
cranial = directly enter the skull
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22
Q

Visceral nerves

A

connect to digestive system

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23
Q

Somatic

A

connect to skeletal muscle, allow for voluntary movement

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24
Q

Automonic

A

connect to involuntary responses of body

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25
Sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight | pupil dilation, raise heart rate, increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
26
Parasympathetic
rest and digest increase blood flow to digestive system slow heart rate
27
Brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata connection of brain to spinal cord regulate: heart rate, respiration, sleep, activation of CNS
28
Cerebellum
found under occipital lobe | directs complex coordinated movement
29
Basal Ganglia
under cortex connect to brainstem and occipital lobes involved in: voluntary movement, habitual behaviors, learning, emotion participates in: motivation, controlling eye movement, modulate decision-making
30
Cerebral Cortices
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes | functions: sensation, motor activity, cognition
31
Frontal Lobe
making judgements regulating behavior --> executive functioning involved in: voluntary movement, memory processing, planning, motivation, attention
32
Occipital Lobe
Visual processing of data from optic nerves
33
Parietal Lobe and Temporal Lobe
parietal lobe: integrates sensory inputs, important for language temporal lobe: important for language (Wernicke's area), help form memory and attach meaning to information
34
Medulla Oblongata
autonomonic functions : breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
35
Pons
relays signals btwn cerebellum, medulla and rest of brain | involved in sleep, respiration, swallowing, taste, bladder control, balance
36
Inferior Colliculus
processes auditory signals, sends them to medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
37
Superior Colliculus
Process visual signals | participate in control of eye movements
38
Hindbrain
cerebellum pons medulla oblongata
39
Midbrain
inferior colliculus | superior colliculus
40
Amygdala
process memory, emotions, decision-making
41
Hippocampus
consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory
42
Hypothalamus
links nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland
43
Pineal gland
modulates sleep through melatonin production
44
Posterior pituitary
projection through which hypothalamus secretes oxytocin and vasopressin
45
Septal Nuclei
part of reward pathway
46
Thalamus
relays sense and motor signals | regulates sleep, alertness
47
Acetylcholine
activates muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction used in all autonomic outputs from the brain to autonomic ganglia used in parasympathetic nervous system for post-ganglionic connections
48
Dopamine
used in reward pathways and motor pathways | associated with Parkinson's disease -- loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
49
Epinephrine
pain suppression and can produce euphoria
50
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS hyperpolarizes cells to reduce action potential firing associated with physiological effects of alcohol intoxication
51
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter | most common neurotransmitter (90% of brain cells)
52
Glycine
inhibitory neurotransmitter of spinal cord and brainstem | can work in conjunction with GABA
53
Norepinephrine
used in post-ganglionic connections in sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system increases arousal, alertness, focuses attention
54
Serotonin
regulates intestinal movement in GI tract regulates mood, appetite, sleep low levels associated with depressive mood disorders
55
EEG
measures electrical impulses of brain | uses blood flow and an injected tracer to show what parts of brain are more active under a stimuli
56
MRI
use magnetic fields and radio waves to image part of brain
57
fMRI
functional MRI trades spatial resolution for temporal resolution --> can map active parts of the brain by analyzing differences in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration
58
PET
inject patient with radioactive glucose | measure radioactive emissions
59
CT
use x-rays to take measurements of brain from different angles
60
Oxytocin
peptide | uterine contraction, emotional bonding
61
Vasopressin (ADH)
peptide | retain water, increase aquaporin channels in collecting duct, DCT
62
Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
glycoprotein initiate follicle growth (females) increase spermatocyte development (males) maturation of germ cells (both)
63
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
glycoprotein ovulation, follicle becomes corpus luteum (females) Leydig cells --> increase testosterone (males)
64
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
peptide | increase adrenal release of corticosteroids
65
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
glycoprotein | increase thyroid release of T4 and T3
66
Prolactin
peptide | mammary gland enlargement, milk production
67
Growth Hormone
peptide | growth of long bones, general anabolism
68
Enorphin
peptide | pain relief
69
Calcitonin
peptide | reduce plasma concentration of Calcium ions
70
T4 and T3
amino acid, Tyr, but act like steroid | increase metabolic rate
71
Parathyroid Hormone
peptide | increase plasma concentration of calcium ions
72
Glucagon
peptide | increase conc. of blood glucose
73
Insulin
peptide | decrease conc. of blood glucose
74
Somatostatin
peptide | suppress: GH, TSH, cCK, insulin, glucagon
75
Cortisol
steroid increase conc. of glucose immune suppression
76
Aldosterone
steroid | collecting duct, DCT: reabsorb Na ions, secrete K ions, water retention, increase blood pressure
77
Epinephrine
peptide/Tyr derivative | sympathetic response: increase heart rate, breathing, etc.
78
Estrogen
steroid | secondary sex characteristics, endometrial development during menstrual cycle, surge leads to LH surge
79
Progesterone
steroid | thicken, maintain endometrium in preparation for implantation
80
Testosterone
steroid | development, maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
81
Norepinephrine
peptide/Tyr derivative | sympathetic responses of fight or flight
82
hCG
glycoprotein | maintains corpus luteum at start of pregnancy

MCAT Flashcards (23 decks)

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