Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
Cx(H2O)y
What are the components of a carbohydrate molecule?
A carbon backbone
Carbonyl group
At least one OH group
What is an Aldose?
A carbohydrate with a terminal carbonyl group
Ex: glucose
What is a ketose?
A carbohydrate with a non-terminal carbonyl
What isomer are carbohydrates in eukaryotic cells found in?
D-isomers
What is the D/L nomenclature?
This is different than R/S or Dextrorotatory/levorotatory
It is based on how the glyceraldehyde is oriented
Glucose
Aldohexose
Main fuel source of organism
Fructose
Ketohexose
Produced by plants and fruits
Galactose
Aldohexose
Found in dairy products and sugar beets
Can be rapidly converted to glucose
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
-table sugar
Lactose
Glucose + galactose
-if you express lactase still, you can break this down
Maltose
Glucose + glucose
-found in beer, potatoes, produced by breakdown of starch
Amylose
Chains of glucose linked by alpha 1-4 glucosidic bonds
Amylopectin
Chains of glucose linked by alpha 1-4 and branching at 1-6 every 24-30 units
Starch
20-30 amylose, 70-89 amylopectin
Glycogen
Linear chains of glucose linked at alpha 1-4 and branching at 1-6 every 8-12 united
Synthesized in liver and stored in liver and muscle cells
How our body stores glucose when we need to
Cellulose
Linear chain of glucose linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
-produced in plants, not digestible by humans, often referred to as dietary fiber
Sucrose
glucose and fructose
Glu(α1–>β2)Fru
Lactose
galactose + glucose
Gal(β1–>4)Flu
Maltose
two glucose molecules
Glu(α1–>4)Glu
