Social Psych Part 2 Flashcards

Question

Similarity

Answer 1

Shared interests or similar demographic backgrounds as our partners Tend to be attracted to people with similarities with yourself Friends and couples are far more likely to share common: Attitudes Beliefs Interests Religion Economic status When proportion of similar attitudes increase, attraction also increases

Answer 2

For both perceived and actual similarity, attraction was about the same For actual similarity, no effect of similarity at later stages of relationship For perceived similarity, stage of relationship did not matter THUS, doesn’t mean you need to have actual similarity to your partner, you just need to think you are the same (perceiveed)

Answer 3

Feingold, 1988: People pair up with those who are similar in physical attractiveness Berschied et al. 1971: BUT we also want partners who are attractive but we avoid people 'out of our league

Answer 4

Need to see them a lot to be attracted Experiment Made exactly the same dorms and had college students move in To find out who was likely to be friends with each other Results: Next door neighbours: 41% Two doors down: 22% Opposite ends of the hallways: 10% Experiment: Collected data from all adolescents in a small Swedish town and asked who their friends were They tracked down where everyone lived RESULTS: found that there were decreasing amounts of friendships as the households got further apart Zajonc, 1968: Mere Exposure Effect can explain why proximity impacts attraction What is unfamiliar is potentially dangerous and met with negative feelings If nothing negative happens after repeated exposure to the unfamiliar stimulus, negativity decreases and positivity increases This effect can explain proximity effects (exposed to the person a lot so you come to like them more) E.g. Equally attractive women attended a lecture 0, 5, 10 or 15 times Women who attended lectures most often was deemed most attractive than those who did not come ever

Answer 5

The valence feelings as we go about the world So if we have positive feelings we like them If we have negative feelings we won't like them Affect can have either a: Direct effect on attraction - We like people who make us feel good - We dislike people who make us feel bad Associated effect on attraction - When positive emotion is due to something else but gets associated with a person - Although the person is not responsible for it, they are evaluated according to the emotion - E.g: familiar scents, good weather, background music, laughter

Answer 6

How much you tell others about yourself and whether it impacts on how much they like you Sharing personal info to maintain relationships 3 main findings for self-disclosure - People who engage in intimate disclosures (tell stuff to others) tend to be liked more than people who disclose at lower levels - People disclose more to those they initially like - AND People like others due to having disclosed to them It becomes a cycle

Answer 7

Robert Sternberg 1988: how we feel when we are in relationships with other people Three components of love Intimacy: feelings of attachment, closeness, connectedness etc. Passion: drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sex etc. Commitment: short term (care for each other) and long term (maintain the relationship)

Answer 8

Fatuous love: passion and commitment (whirlwind love) Romantic love: passion and intimacy (summer relationship) Companionate love: intimacy and commitment (fam member, platonic life partner) Consummate love: ALL THREE (lover is best friend) LOOK AT PIC IN NOTES

Answer 9

1. Non-love (acquaintance) 2. Infatuation (love at first sight) 3. Liking (close friendship) 4. Empty love (commitment only) 5. Fatuous love (passion + commitment): whirlwind love 6. Romantic love (passion + intimacy): summer relationship 7. Companionate love (intimacy + commitment): family member, life partner Consummate love: ALL THREE (lover is best friend)

Answer 10

actions intended to benefit others

Answer 11

Kitty Genovese Kitty was attacked and murdered outside her apartment in Queens New York She called for help Attack continued for 45 mins Despite many people being home and nearby, no one came to aid her After 45 mins, one man called the police but Kitty had already passed away. So people assumed that New Yorkers were evil or apathetic. BUT, many of the so-called witnesses reported being distressed for years after. THUS, they don't lack empathy. SO WHY? Maybe they thought someone else will help etc. Latane & Darley: thought maybe reason why people didn’t help kitty is due to a function of people's thought process. SO they ran experiments to test the bystander effect.

Answer 12

when the presence of others inhibits helping

Answer 13

As the number of people present increases, individuals feel less personal responsibility and help becomes less likely

Answer 14

And measured whether people are more likely to help as number of people increased Participants talked about campus life to other participants over an intercom Thought that they were either talking to One other person OR Two, three, four or five other people Then one of the 'participants' had a seizure Results: If participants thought they were alone, many tried to help The more people available to help, fewer helped

Answer 15

As someone goes through witnessing an emergency, there are a series of steps and if they fail, then they fail to help

Answer 16

Situation isn't always shown to be an emergency In a hurry, people are less likely to notice that there is an emergency Darley & Batson 1973: Good Samaritan Study: Seminary students: prepare a sermon and report to the lab in the building next door Groaning victim in alley Hurry manipulation- low, medium or high manipulation How many would stop and help the person in need? With low hurry manipulation, more helped out while high hurry manipulation, less helped out

Answer 17

Informational social influence: If there is ambiguity of situation --> we usually look to others and see what they are doing. If others aren't doing something, then you tend to believe that nothing is wrong Shotland & Straw 1976: Cues to an emergency research Man and woman physically fighting on the street and woman would say either: I don't know you! I don’t know why I married you More than 3x as many observers tried to stop the assault by the stranger

Answer 18

Bystander effect/diffusion of responsibility Diffusion of responsibility: each bystander's sense of responsibility decreases as number of witnesses increase - Most likely under conditions of anonymity and when its difficult to tell what others have done

Answer 19

Expertise Bystanders are more likely to offer direct help when they feel competent to perform actions required E.g. if they have first aid training They very easily get past the first few stages

Answer 20

Costs of not helping vs. costs of helping AND benefits of helping vs benefits of not helping REFER TO PIC IN NOTES Maybe gain reputation for being the brave person Legal concerns: cannot be sued if the rescue is unsuccessful

Answer 21

1. Counteract ambiguity Make it clear that you need help 2. Reduce diffusion of responsibility Single people out

Answer 22

Personal Factors People who are more helpful in one situation are more likely to be helpful in another - People with higher empathy (ability to notice emotions in others and feel emotionally) are more likely to help Religious faith promote helping others - In minor emergency situations, religious people are only slightly more helpful - For planned helping (volunteering), religious faith is a good predictor of helping Cultural Factors Helping rates vary around the world - Levine 2001: Field experiments of helping in 23 cities Pointing out dropped pen Helping injured person picked up dropped things - Assisting blind person cross street RESULTS: cities in the top 6 for helping had a culture for helping others e.g. Rio, Costa Rica, Vienna, Madrid etc.

Answer 23

Attributions of responsibility People are more likely to help others who appear less responsible for their situation E.g. donations to medical charities for things which people are not responsible for are higher than like lung cancer, HIV etc. Similarity If you like someone, you are more likely to help them E.g. Groaning person in a Manchester or Liverpool stadium Groaning person was either wearing a - - Manchester/Liverpool shirt - Tested to see how many people stopped to help Manchester people were more likely to help him in Manchester shirt

Answer 24

``` Media Prosocial video games - Lemming/Super Mario Sunshine (cleaning up the area etc.) Prosocial music - Heal the world - VS On the line ``` ``` Education Example: Participants randomly assigned to lecture topic - Bystander intervention - Unrelated topic Two weeks later: second session - Student lying on the floor - Those who heard the bystander lecture were more likely to help ```

Answer 25

all about liking or disliking. Psychological tendency expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour

Answer 26

REFER TO PIC IN NOTES thoughts, feelings, behaviours

Answer 27

Attitudes impact our behaviour: When attitude is specifically relevant to behaviour When outside influences are minimal (no social pressures) - Under social pressures, it is less likely that you will behave in a way that will align with your attitudes When we are aware of that attitude - If we feel a particular way, When attitudes are shaped by personal experience Behaviour impacts our attitudes: Subtle behaviours influence your attitudes Wells and Petty (1980) - Asked participants to make vertical or horizontal head motions while listening to a editorial advocating tuition increase - Vertical head nodders agreed with editorial more than horizontal head nodders Cacioppo and colleagues (1993) - Asked non-Chinese speakers/readers to rate Chinese characters while pulling up from the bottom of desk or pushing down from top of desk (muscle tension) - Upward pull group liked the characters more than downward push Nodding and pulling are compatible with positive attitudes These subtle behaviours form a type of bodily feedback that comes to influence attitudes

Answer 28

``` Attitude becomes higher with higher specificity E.g. Attitude towards birth control Attitude towards birth control pills Using birth control pills ETC. ```

Answer 29

When behaviours are inconsistent with attitudes, it leads to tension (dissonance) To reduce dissonance: - Change behaviour - OR change attitude Amount of dissonance is determined by situational factors such as reward and the reason E.g. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) - Asked participants to complete a rlly boring task then lie to someone about it being rlly fun - They were paid either $1 or $20 - Found that people who were paid $1 had the most positive attitude towards the boring experiment and happy to do it again. Bc they weren't really paid at all and experienced cognitive dissonance which led to attitude changes.

Answer 30

large amount of dissonance leads to large amount of attitude change. Zimbardo: Grasshopper study Participants asked to eat fried grasshoppers by a nice and mean experimenter. Then rated how much they liked the grasshopper. Participants who had a mean experimenter stated that they were more willing to endorse eating them more. Doing it for no good reason (mean experimenter) means dissonance and attitude becomes updated