Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych1001 > Motivation part 1 > Flashcards

Motivation part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

Why we behave in a certain way

The force that moves organisms to behave the way they do (But it may not result in behaviour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Motivation:

Has Direction

A

Approach motivation: the impulse to move toward a stimulus

Avoidance motivation: impulse to move away from a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Motivation:

Has Intensity

A

Strength of the urge

From 0 to high level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motivation:

Is Partially voluntary

A

Related to behaviour but not the same as behaviour
Often have 2 or more conflicting motivations
Self control: may require choosing long term goal over short term goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Motivation:

Can be conscious or below awareness

A

Can be more difficult to put into words than many other psychological states
Subject to rationalisation
Can be done unconsciously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Motivation:

Is Related to emotion

A

Emotion can be seen as the force behind motivation

  • Approach emotions: desire, interest, anger
  • Avoidance emotion: fear, disgust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Theories of motivation

A

Evolutionary approach:

Charles Darwin: connection of evolutionary biology to psych processes

Instincts: unlearned responses to stimuli that is universal to the species

Adaptive: organisms are motivated to engage in behaviours that help them to pass on their genes (reproductive success)

Humans possess high degree of flexibility of behaviour (differences between people)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Theory of evolution

A

Evolutionary success (mating)
Adaptive tasks like mating, parenting, nutrition, social relations
Not a struggle for survival
Rather it is a race for reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Key Ideas to Evolution

A

Variability: differences within a species between each other
- Species with more variability are more likely to survive when environment changes

Heritability: passing on to offspring

Natural Selection

  • Viability: live long enough to reproduce
  • Fertility: mating success
  • Fecundity: number of offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Evolved psychological mechanisms

A

A set of processes inside an organism that
1. Exist in the form they do because they solved specific problems of individual survival or reproduction

  1. Take only certain classes of input where input
    - Can be either external or internal (outside/inside the body)
    - Can be actively extracted from the environment or passively received from the environment
  2. Transforms that information into output through a procedure where output
    - Regulates physiological activity, provides information to other psychological mechanisms, or produces action
    - Solves a particular adaptational problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adaptations

A

inherited and depends on environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

By-products:

A

not adaptive

E.g. Whiteness of bones does not solve evolutionary problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Exaptation

A

feature now enhances fitness for one function (flying) was originally adapted for different function (warmth)

E.g. feathers for birds were originally for warmth but have now adapted to be for flying.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spandrels

A

incidental by-product that became functional adaptation

The brain takes something that is not adaptive and makes it a functional adaptation
Speculated that most functions in the brain are spandrels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Implications for behaviour

A

There is Continuity between animals and humans
Abandon idea that animals have instincts and humans have minds

Thorndike: Animal intelligence
- Animal behaviour is affected by its consequences (they learn through experience)
- Law of effect
If it does something to create positive consequence it
will keep doing it and vice versa with negative
consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do humans have instincts:

A

James:
Complex unlearned response to characteristic stimulus
Reflex –> instinct –> learning
All of these 3 things aid us in our behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Instincts

A

Tendency to act in specific way due to something in the environment.

And the action must come about naturally (not a result of learning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Variability of behaviour from instinct

A

Experience can modify instinctive behaviour

19
Q

Concerning sympathy

A

Sympathy is most likely an instinct

20
Q
  • List of instincts
A

Rivalry, curiosity, sociability, shyness, hunting etc.

21
Q

Problem with instinct concept

A

How many are there?
Descriptive not explanatory
What is and is not an instinct
Vague and arbitrary
Circular reasoning (Holt): everything you do can be called an instinct.
e.g. Thumb twiddling instinct AND thumb-not-twiddling instinct

22
Q

Ethology (study of behaviour biologically)

A

Behaviourists believe we are born as a blank slate and everything is learnt
Study of behaviour in a natural setting
Identify action patterns of species and causes of action patterns
Evolution, development, function of behaviour
Instinctive behaviours exist because they have or had adaptive value for the species

23
Q

Behaviour as viewed by ethology

A

Certain mechanisms to help break down instinct:
- Action specific energy: in the perceiving animal
- Key stimuli: releaser, sign stimulus (environment)
- Innate releasing mechanism: brain mechanism that detects key stimulus
- Fixed action pattern
Instinctive behaviour sequence that is indivisible and
runs to completion
- E.g. Kelp Gull chicks peck at red spot (key stimulus) on mother’s beak to stimulate regurgitating reflex

24
Q

Key Stimuli and Innate Releasing Mechanisms

A

These are all adaptive behaviours
May even be socially adaptive behaviours in humans
Example: Monkeys and recognition of facial expressions
- Chimpanzees can recognise facial expressions in humans

Another key stimulus can be a baby face: key features of a baby’s face that makes it something you want to take care of include big eyes, small noses etc.
- This idea was picked up by Disney etc. for their cartoon characters that don’t want to be harmed look like babies vs the evil characters

25
Q

Preparedness Theory

A

one way the concept of instinct came back to Psychology

Innate association between stimulus and response (instinct)
Seligman: phobias often involve evolutionary threats
Explains why we develop phobias for snakes and lightning easier than automobiles and electrical outlets

26
Q

Preparedness Hypothesis

A

We carry an innate biological tendency, acquired through natural selection to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors.
E.g. there are no snakes in Ireland but those people can still fear snakes

Conditioning experiment
Acquisition: present CS (photo) followed by UCS (electric shock)
Extinction: presented CS without UCS and record skin conductance
Result:
longer extinction time for angry face photo than happy faces even when CS is subliminal (the person didn’t see the photo properly)
Longer extinction time for outgroup/neutral faces than ingroup/neutral faces

27
Q

Theories of Motivation

Behaviourist or Drive Reduction Theory

A

When a person has a biological need (food or water) they will become driven to get that need

  1. Biological need: a deprivation that energizes drive to eliminate deprivation
  2. Drive: internal tension state that occurs because of a need
  3. Motivated to satisfy drive
  4. Goal-directed action occurs
  5. Drive reduced & need satisfied
  6. Homeostasis: body’s tendency to maintain steady state (equilibrium)
    LOOK AT PIC IN NOTES
28
Q

Theories of Motivation

Good and bad of drive theory

A

There are lots of motivation due to drives
But not all motivations are due to deprivation
- Secondary/learned drives motivate eg. Money
- External incentives/ rewards motivate e.g. dessert when not hungry, attractive person

29
Q

Biological: Neo-Behaviourist Theory

A

Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

  • Three important motivation systems that motivate our behaviour
  • Used to better understand personality characteristics and clinical problems
  • We all have these 3 systems and they work together to regulate behaviour
  • Situations can influence the relative activation of each system
  • We all have these systems but individuals may differ in the strength of each system
30
Q
  1. BAS (Behavioural Approach system)
A

○ ‘lets go for it’
○ Sensitive to appetitive stimuli
○ Associated with approach and anticipatory pleasure (hope) motivation
○ Personality: optimism, reward responsiveness and impulsiveness
○ Clinical: can help us understand addictive behaviours, high-risk impulsive behaviours and mania

31
Q
  1. FFFS (fight-flight-freeze System)
A

○ ‘get me out of here’
○ Sensitive to aversive stimuli
○ Associated with defensive avoidance (fear) and escape (panic)
○ Personality: fear-proneness, avoidance
○ Clinical conditions like phobia and panic

32
Q
  1. BIS (behavioural inhibition system)
A

○ Sensitive to goal conflict e.g. approach-avoidance
○ Inhibits behaviour and seeks to resolve conflict
○ Associated with rumination, risk-assessment and anxiety

33
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Sequence of needs: Most important are physiological
Basic needs must be met before higher needs are activated
Self-actualisation: motivation to develop to our fullest potential
This model is more about the growth rather than reaching the ‘self actualisation’ stage
LOOK AT PIC IN NOTES

34
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test

A

You’re given an image and then 5-10 mins to write about what you think is in the picture.
To measure motivation using this technique
The writer’s own motivations will be seen in their writing

35
Q

Psychosocial Motives

A 
Henry Murray
Motives are largely unconscious
- Behaviour gives clues to motivation
Need-recurrent concern for goal state 
Needs direct and energize 
Co-creator of thematic apperception test (TAT) and was primarily interested in 3 broad motivations 
1. Need for achievement 
2. Need for affiliation 
3. Need for power

Scoring these stories were very time consuming so they came up with self-reporting to measure their achievement
- Rate statements on a scale of agreement
I set difficult goals for myself that i can achieve
I enjoy relaxation only when it follows successful
completion of work
Work like a slave at everything I undertake until I am
satisfied with the result
I enjoy work as much as play

36
Q
  1. Need for achievement
A

□ To do well, succeeding
□ Unique accomplishment
□ Intrinsic satisfaction of doing something better
□ People often drew about performing a task and trying to achieve it
□ These people are usually hard workers and excel at challenging tasks

37
Q
  1. Need for affiliation
A

□ Concern with establishing, maintaining or restoring friendly relations
□ Positive feelings about groups or persons
□ Friendly, nurturing acts
□ These people are good team players, friends, romantic partners

38
Q
  1. Need for power
A

□ Having impact on others through strong, forceful actions
□ Controlling, influencing, helping, impressing others
□ E.g. Mandela had socio-political power and used his power to bring to light social issues to create more peace and equality.
□ These people are usually effective leaders

39
Q

Problem with Self-reporting Measurement of needs

A

Needs cannot be measured by self-report

  • Pple are not aware of their needs
  • Self-reports do not correlate with TAT needs

Self-report of needs reflect values or conscious motives

  • TAT need for achievement predicts long-term success (intrinsic)
  • Self-reported value for achievement predicts task effort and success when individuals are told they must do well (extrinsic)

Needs can be traits or states
- Situations can increase/decrease a person’s need for achievement, power or affiliation

40
Q

Atkinson’s Risk Taking Model of Achievement

A

Need for achievement people: tend to go for moderate difficulty tasks (peak of the blue graph) rather than easy or very hard tasks

Fear of failure people: tend to avoid the moderate difficulty task and go for the easy or very hard task (so if they fail they can blame the difficulty of the task rather than their ability)

LOOK AT PIC IN NOTES

41
Q

Self-determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)

A

Three basic organismic Needs
1. Competence- need for self-efficacy, mastery and achievement
2. Relatedness- need for warm relations with others, to belong, pain due to ostracism
3. Autonomy - need for independence and self-reliance
○ These needs are organismic: exist in every human (innate)
○ They are growth needs and not triggered by deficits (shortfall)
LOOK AT PIC IN NOTES

42
Q

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation

A

Intrinsic motivation

  • Behaviour that fulfils organismic needs is enjoyable
  • People freely engage in behaviour that is intrinsically motivated

Extrinsic motivation

  • Incentives (rewards, punishments, evaluations)
  • Individuals engage in non-enjoyable behaviour to receive incentive e.g. Money

Rewarding an intrinsic motivated behaviour

  • Reduces future freely-chosen performance of the behaviour
  • Reduces quality of behaviours that require complex mental operations
  • Reduces creativity
43
Q

Intrinsic/Extrinsic motivation in young children

A

They have intrinsic motivation as they don’t understand extrinsic motivation. They have motivation to be fed etc.

Only become extrinsically motivated at around primary age due to things like homework etc.

Psych1001 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions