Social Psych

Question 1

informative influence

Answer 1

look to group for guidance when you don’t know what to do, and ask what to do.

Question 2

normative influence

Answer 2

even if you know what’s right, do what group does to avoid social rejection

Question 3

anomie

Answer 3

breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community.
 We conform in little ways, ex. don’t question cereal is breakfast food, or obey traffic lights.
 Can have dark side – peer pressure can lead to questionable behaviours. Or the holocaust.
-lose their moral guidance due to the pressures of pursuing societal expectations

Question 4

internalization

Answer 4

dea/belief/behaviour has been integrated into our own values. Stronger than other types of conformity.

Question 5

perceptual error

Answer 5

truly believed answer given by others were correct.

Question 6

just world phenomenon

Answer 6

belief good things happen to good people, and vice versa. Some people use this to justify their actions.

Question 7

selection bias

Answer 7

selecting studies where randomness is not achieved

Question 8

sanctions

Answer 8

rewards/punishments for behaviours in accord with or against norms
-norms are reinforced by these

Question 9

theory of differential association

Answer 9

states that deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others that violate norms and laws – learn from observation of others. Rejects norms/values and believes new behavior as norm.
 The people you associate with can determine your deviance… “Association with different people”
 Relationships a person forms are very important – if strong relationship to someone deviant, more

Question 10

primary deviance

Answer 10

no big consequences, reaction to deviant behavior is very mild. Individual behaves in same way without feeling wrong
-secondary is worse

Question 11

strain theory

Answer 11

if person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, may turn to deviance. Pushed to attain certain goals, but may not have legitimate ways to achieve success.
 Pressures people to commit crimes!… because they are in a state of strain, might not be able to afford stuff

Question 12

collective behavior

Answer 12

is not the same as group behavior, because of a few reasons. First, collective behavior is time-limited, and involves short social interactions, while groups stay together and socialize for long period of time.

Question 13

operant cond

Answer 13

focuses on the relationship between behavior and their consequences, and how those in turn influence the behaviour (classical conditioning no change in behaviour)… because they continue the same behavior, but just in response to additional stimuli

Question 14

primary reimforcers

Answer 14

are innately satisfying/desirable, like food. Secondary reinforcers are those learned to be reinforcers, such as previously neutral stimuli.

Question 15

token economy

Answer 15

system of behaviour modification based on systematic reinforcement of target behaviour, reinforcers are “tokens” that can be exchanged for other reinforcers (ex. Prizes).

Question 16

insight learning

Answer 16

solve a problem using past skills, the “aha” moment is insight learning

Question 17

latent learning

Answer 17

learned behaviour is not expressed until required … subconscious retention of info

Question 18

3 main characteristics that impact on how we are persuaded for/against a message:

Answer 18

 1) Message characteristics – message itself, clarity, how well thought message it. Also includes how well written it was, does speaker have good grasp of grammar, appropriate vocabulary, length of talk, etc.
 2) Source characteristics – what is their level of expertise, trustworthy, and is information credible or not. Physical environment, venue of event.
 3) Target characteristics – characteristics of listener such as mood, self-esteem, alertness, intelligence, etc. How we receive a message.

Question 19

reciprocal determinism

Answer 19

is the interaction between a person’s behaviours, personal factors (motivation), and environment. AND HOW THOSE FACTORS INFLUENCE ONE ANOTHER

Question 20

tyranny of choice

Answer 20

What about too much control? Too many choices can also negatively impact our cognition and behavior

Question 21

ego depletion

Answer 21

idea that self-control is a limited resource. If you use a lot of it, it can get used up, and less to use in the future.

Question 22

self concept

Answer 22

is how someone perceives/evaluates themselves, aka self-awareness.
 Development of self-concept has 2 parts: first, an existential self and then a categorical self.
• Existential self is most basic part of self-concept, the sense of being separate and distinct from others. Awareness that the self is constant throughout life.
• Existential meaning you “exist”
• Categorical self comes once baby realizes they’re separate – becoming aware that even though we’re separate, we also exist in the world with others. And each of those entities have properties.
• Ability to put “self” into categories such as age, gender, etc.
• Ex. age and gender are first babies learn, then skills and size. Then compare ourselves with others – traits, comparisons, careers.

Question 23

humanistic theory components

Answer 23

self image, self esteem, ideal self

Question 24

self esteem

Answer 24

is the respect and regard one has for oneself

how much value we place on ourselves

Question 25

george mead

Answer 25

As we grow up, how others perceive us is more important, 3 stages:
1. Preparatory stage – imitation, ex. play with pots and pans when parents are cooking. As they grow older, focus more on communication with others instead of simple imitation, and get practice using symbols (gestures/words).
2. Play stage – more aware of social relationships, reflected in children’s tendency to pretend role play as others like firefighters, doctors, etc.
 Mentally assuming perspective of others and acting based on their perceived point of view.
3. Game stage – Start to understand attitudes/beliefs/behavior of “generalized other” (society as a whole). With this comes whole new understanding of society. Also realize people can take on multiple roles. Also realize others perceive them, and are influenced by these perceptions and are concerned by reactions of others to what they do. But don’t care about reactions of everyone, only significant others (important relationships, ex. parents/teachers/close peers).
-me is the socialized you, I is the born you

Question 26

optimism bias

Answer 26

is belief bad things happen to others, but not to us… belief that we are less likely to experience a negative event

Question 27

kelleys covariation model

Answer 27

consistensy: we say dispositional
distinctiveness: (acting out of normal) we say situational
consensus: we say situational because everyone is doing it

Question 28

actor observer bias

Answer 28

we are victims of circumstance, but others are wilful actors. ***
• Actor – attribute one’s actions to external causes (there is no dustbin available when you litter)
• Observer – attribute another’s actions to internal causes (people are so inconsiderate when they litter)

Question 29

frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 29

not personality based, but more emotional.
• If people get frustrated, it can lead to aggression
-can lead to scapegoating against minorities

Question 30

relative deprivation

Answer 30

upsurge in prejudice when people are deprived of something they feel entitled to.
 Leads to collective unrest, upsurge in prejudice and discrimination.

Question 31

halo effect

Answer 31

The halo effect is tendency people have inherently good/bad natures, rather than looking at individual characteristics.
 The physical attractiveness stereotype – believe attractive people have more positive personality traits.
• Ex. Jim, overall impression is in the middle. His accounting bar is very high, sales negative, leadership is moderately good.

Question 32

mere exposure effect

Answer 32

repeated exposure to novel people or objects increases our liking for them. More often we see something, more often we like it. Applies to everything – music, numbers, objects, etc

Question 33

similarity bias

Answer 33

implies we will not befriend people different from us.

Question 34

projection bias

Answer 34

is when we assume other share the same beliefs we do.

Question 35

false consensus

Answer 35

is when we assume everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they do not.

Question 36

parenting styles

Answer 36

• Authoritarian- focus on obedience, punishment over discipline
• Permissive – don’t enforce rules
• Authoritative (best). – create positive relationship, enforce rules.

Question 37

organizations

Answer 37

are institutions designed for a specific purpose, and try to achieve maximum efficiency.
• Ex. Postal Service, McDonalds, etc.
 Normative Organizations – members come together through shared goals, ex. religion groups or MADD. Positive sense of unity and purpose.
• People feel connected, they want to be together working toward the goal
 Utilitarian Organizations – members are paid/rewarded for their efforts, ex. Businesses and government jobs, and universities.
• People are there together because it is more or less contractual… they are there to perform a utility
 Coercive Organization – members don’t have choice about membership, ex. people in a prison, or the military.
• Membership is forced upon them in attempt of a corrective benefit

Question 38

ideal beurocracy

Answer 38

max weber:

• distinct roles
• heiarchy
• impartial (equal treatment)
• writting rules
• employment based on technical qualifications

Iron rule of oligarchy
even most democratic of organizations become more bureaucratic over time until they’re governed by select few.
• Why? Once person gains leadership role they might be hesitant to give it up. Also have skills that make them valuable.

Question 39

mating strategies

Answer 39

 1) Random mating- all equally likely to mate with each other, not influenced by environment/heredity or social limitation. Ensures a large amount of genetic diversity.
 2) Assortative Mating – Non-random mating where individuals with certain personalities tend to mate with each other at a higher frequency, ex. large animals with large animals. Problem is if animals too genetically similar mate (inbreeding), can be harmful to species overall.
 3) Disassortative Mating (Non-Assortative Mating) – opposite of assortative mating – situation where individuals with different or diverse traits mate with higher frequency than with random mating.

Question 40

functionalism

Answer 40

comes from macrosociology – looks at society as a whole and how institutions that make up the society adapt to keep society STABLE and functioning

Question 41

eclesia

Answer 41

dominant religious organization that includes most members of society, ex. Lutheranism in Sweden and Islam in Iran.

Question 42

sects

Answer 42

tend to be smaller and are established in protest of established church. They break away from churches. Ex. Mormon/Amish

Question 43

cults

Answer 43

are more radical, reject values of outside society. Rise when there’s a breakdown of societal belief systems, but usually short-lived because depend on inspirational leader who will only live so long.

Question 44

fundamentalism

Answer 44

reaction to secularization, go back to strict religious beliefs. Create social problems when people become too extreme.

Question 45

sick role

Answer 45

expectation in society that allows you to take a break from responsibilities. But if you don’t get better or return, you’re viewed as deviant.

Question 46

illness experience

Answer 46

process of being ill and how people cope with illness. Being ill can change a person’s self-identity. Diagnosis of chronic disease can take over your life where every decision revolves around the disease. Stigmas associated with certain diseases like mental illness and STDs. How people experience disease varies too if they have access to resources like palliative care.

Question 47

social construct

Answer 47

is concept/practice everyone in society agrees to treat a certain way regardless of its inherent value, ex. money.
-on language and social habits

Question 48

gentrification

Answer 48

which means when redone they target a wealthier community which increases property value. People there before are pushed out because they can’t afford it – leads to great inequality in cities.
 Seen in a negative sense because the rich people are pushing out the poor.

Question 49

demographioc transition

Answer 49

death rate falls, then later birth rate, then they both equilibrate

Question 50

culture

Answer 50

= rules that guide way people live, and Society = structure that provides organization for people
- CULTURE ADAPTS, IS SHARED AMONG PEOPLE, AND IS TRANSMITTED ALONG GENERATIONS

Question 51

mass media

Answer 51

functionalist: , its main role is to provide entertainment (manifest)…. ITS ROLE IS ENTERTAINMENT… Also says it can act as an agent of socialization (latent) (ex. Collective experience of watching Olympics on TV, and community building – entire internet communities) and act as an enforcer of social norms.
social conflict: focuses on how the media portrays and reflects and exacerbate divisions that exist in society, ex. Race/social class. gatekeeping
feminist: portrays dominant ideology
interactionsist: shapes day to day behavior

Question 52

glass ceiling effect

Answer 52

 Gender does too. Females experience differences in pay (gender-pay gap), and the glass ceiling effect (poorly represented in higher position in companies)

Question 53

social capital

Answer 53

 They have financial capital, and can invest it to obtain social capital – building up reliable, useful social networks. (Connections)

Question 54

cultural capital

Answer 54

knowledge, education, and skills transmitted across generations
• Ex. If parents exposing you to trips abroad and learning foreign languages. Or cultural items of social

Question 55

intersectionality

Answer 55

discrimination based on multiple factors = THE DIFFERENT FACTORS INTERSECT TO CREATE LOTS OF DISCRIMINATION
Many types of discrimination, like sex/gender/culture/race, but what if someone experiences multiple forms at same time?