Section Bank P/S

Question 1

shadowing

Answer 1

repeating the digits presented to a specific ear is an example of shadowing.
 Shadowing task – left ear hear one thing, right ear another thing. Told to repeat everything said in one ear and ignore the other. We can learn about how selective attention works by seeing what they filter out in other ear.

Question 2

instinctual drift

Answer 2

phenomenon whereby established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors.

Question 3

distal stimulus

Answer 3

what is causing the stimulus (a tree)

Question 4

proximal

Answer 4

what is actually perceived (photons from the tree interacting with retina)
proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by the sensory receptors

Question 5

semantic versus episodic

Answer 5

• Anytime you take vocabulary test or state capitals you’re using semantic memory (has to do with words). So remembering simple facts.
• Second type is episodic memory (event-related memories).

Question 6

sensitive period

Answer 6

sensitive period (also referred to as a critical period), which identifies a point in early development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning in later life.

Question 7

incentive theory

Answer 7

The incentive theory of motivation calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior.

Question 8

social epidemiology

Answer 8

Social epidemiology focuses on the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations. It is also well positioned to supplement the biomedical approach because social epidemiology is a sub-field of epidemiology.

Question 9

cultural capital

Answer 9

Cultural capital refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.

Question 10

intersectionality

Answer 10

Intersectionality calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. Intersectionality can also refer to intersections involving other identity categories such as age, gender, or sexual orientation.
Intersectionality – discrimination based on multiple factors = THE DIFFERENT FACTORS INTERSECT TO CREATE LOTS OF DISCRIMINATION
Many types of discrimination, like sex/gender/culture/race, but what if someone experiences multiple forms at same time?
 Ex. Female who is African American and practices Buddhist teachings, causing her to be discriminated against in 3 different areas.
 Social Stratification – groups of people are given better preferences than others (group based) (intersectionality is at the individual/person level)
Why is it important to consider intersection?
 Because multiple different categories of potential discrimination/oppression that compounds in one individual, and put her at disadvantage in society.
Theory of intersectionality asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination.
 Originally coined in 1989 by Crenshaw as a feminist theory, but has since expanded out and use it to explain oppression in all parts of society.

Question 11

demographic transition theory

Answer 11

Demographic transition theory addresses changes in the birth rate and the death rate that are associated with economic development (specifically, related to industrialization). The typical pattern begins with a drop in the death rate, leading to population growth, followed by a drop in the birth rate, leading to population stabilization.

Question 12

sleep spindles

Answer 12

 N2 (Stage 2) – deeper stage of sleep. People in N2 are harder to awaken. We see more theta waves, as well as sleep spindles and K-complexes.

Question 13

place theory

Answer 13

Different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlear membrane

Question 14

negative priming

Answer 14

requires the use of implicit memory, and I assume so does explicit

Question 15

neuroleptics

Answer 15

neuroleptics are the first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.

(typical antipsychotics) = relieve positive symptoms but worsen (exacerbate) negative symptoms
- Atypical antipsychotics = relieve positive and negative symptoms

Question 16

general adaptation syntdrome

Answer 16

 1. Alarm phase – stress kicks in, heart races.
 2. Resistance – fleeing, huddling, etc. Bathed in cortisol.
 3. Exhaustion – if resistance isn’t followed by recovery, our tissues become damaged and we become susceptible to illness.

Question 17

thomas theorem

Answer 17

The interpretation of a situation causes the action… actions are affected by subjective perceptions of situations
o If individuals believe something to be real, then it is real in its consequences

Question 18

constructionist understanding of gender

Answer 18

The constructionist understanding describes gender as dynamic, fluid, and subject to the processes of meaning-making and collective definition building.

Question 19

I and Me

Answer 19

The answer to this question is option A because studying for an exam instead of going to a party represents the socialized and conforming aspect of self, described by Mead as the ME component of Self. Responses B, C, and D reflect aspects of Mead’s I, the spontaneous, less socialized component of the Self.