Social Psych

Question 1

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 1

We attribute our successes to internal stuff and failures to external stuff

Question 2

Hardiness

Answer 2

Protective personality trait–includes sense of commitment, challenge (openness to new experiences and change), and sense of control

Question 3

Influential characteristics of communicators

Answer 3

Attitude change more likely when communicators are credible, and trustworthiness is major factor that contributes to credibility (if arguing against own best interests you seem trustworthy)

Question 4

Autokinetic effect (Sherif)

Answer 4

Study used perceptual phenomenon in which a stationary point of light seems to move in a dark room to study conformity in groups

Question 5

Social Judgment Theory

Answer 5

Three categories of judgment used to evaluate persuasive messages–latitude of acceptance, latitude of non-commitment, and latitude of rejection. Most likely to be persuaded when message is within latitude of acceptance.

Question 6

Psychological Reactance

Answer 6

Tendency to resist being influenced or manipulated, usually by doing the opposite of what is requested or expected

Question 7

Law of Attraction (Byrne)

Answer 7

We are attracted to others who have similar attitudes because interacting with those people is more rewarding than dissimilar people.

Question 8

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Answer 8

Frustration plus aggressive cues leads to aggression. Earlier version was just frustration leads to aggression.

Question 9

Effects of Crowding

Answer 9

Crowded conditions enhance positive experiences and increase unpleasantness of negative experiences. Men are more negatively impacted by crowds, with increased aggressiveness.

Question 10

Zeigarnik Effect

Answer 10

Tendency to remember interrupted and unfinished tasks better than completed ones, especially in nonstressful situations.

Question 11

Self-verification theory

Answer 11

We prefer feedback from others that is consistent with our own self-evaluations

Question 12

Overjustification Hypothesis

Answer 12

When we are rewarded externally for something we found previously intrinsically interesting, intrinsic interest will decrease.

Question 13

Heuristics

Answer 13

Mental shortcuts used to make attributions and social judgments. Help us make conclusions quickly but can result in errors

Examples: representativeness, availability, simulation, anchoring, adjustment

Question 14

Epinephrine Studies (Schachter and Singer)

Answer 14

When internal cues are insufficient or hard to interpret, we acquire info about ourselves by observing external behaviors and context.

Question 15

Barnum Effect

Answer 15

Horoscopes! Tendency to accept vague, general descriptions of oneself as accurate

Question 16

Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 16

Attittudes accurately predict behaviors when you measure all three components of one’s attitude (attitude toward engaging in the behavior, what they believe other people think they should do, and perceived behavioral control

Question 17

Emotion-in-Relationship Model

Answer 17

Helps explain the experience of having strong emotions in close relationships. We generate emotion in response to unexpected events that disrupt ongoing sequence of behaviors.

Question 18

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 18

Inconsistencies in cognitions lead to discomfort. This motivates us to reduce discomfort by changing our cognitions.

Question 19

Balance Theory

Answer 19

Uses principle of cognitive consistency to explain attitude change. There are relationships between three entities–person (P), another person (O), and a third person, idea, event or object (X). Relations may be unbalanced depending on pattern of likes and dislikes among the entities.

Question 20

Robber’s Cave Study (Sherif)

Answer 20

Boys summer camp study. Best way to reduce hostility across groups is to give them a common goal.

Question 21

Levels of Racism

Answer 21

Cultural, institutional, interpersonal, and internalized

Question 22

Fundamental Attribution Bias

Answer 22

Tendency to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes when making attributions about someone else’s behavior

Question 23

Effects of media violence

Answer 23

Viewing media aggression increases aggression and impacts your perception that you will be a victim of violence

Question 24

Catharsis Hypothesis

Answer 24

NOT supported in research. Idea that acting aggressively will reduce arousal level and likelihood of more aggression.

Question 25

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Answer 25

Cognitive theory of attitude change. There are two info processing routes: central and peripheral. Use of central route is more likely when listener has high motivation, ability to process the info, and listener is in a negative or neutral mood. Use of peripheral more likely when listener is unmotivated, lacks ability to process, and/or in a positive mood.

Question 26

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 26

People use other, usually similar people, as sources of comparison to evaluate own attitudes and behaviors.

Question 27

Intraindividual Conflict (Lewin and Miller)

Answer 27

Four intraindividual or motivational conflicts: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach avoidance, or double approach-avoidance (which is when we have to decide between two goals that both have pos and neg qualities). Double is hardest to resolve.

Question 28

Equity Theory

Answer 28

Motivation to remain in a relationship is affected by perceived input/outcome ratio of oneself and partner.

Question 29

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 29

Prejudice may be reduced through contact between groups. Following conditions MUST be met: equal status and power, provided with opportunities that disconfirm neg stereotypes, and intergroup cooperation is necessary to achieve goals.

Question 30

Base Rate Fallacy

Answer 30

Tendency to underutilize or ignore relevant stat data and instead rely on irrelevant info when making a judgment

Question 31

Symbolic Racism

Answer 31

“New” version of racism. Minorities violate traditional american values and prejudice towards them are denied and majority group attributes inequities to internal factors of minority group members (lack of work ethic)

Question 32

Self-Perception Theory

Answer 32

We make attributions about own attitudes and behaviors on basis of observations of own behavior and other external cues.

Question 33

Misery loves miserable company

Answer 33

We affiliate most with others who are in similar circumstances

Question 34

Gender differences in affiliation

Answer 34

Women spend more time engaged in convo, more likely to talk to those of same gender, and affiliate more in public than men.

Question 35

Bases of social power (French and Raven)

Answer 35

6 bases of power that induce compliance: coercive, reward, expert, legitimate, referent, and informational

Question 36

Deindividuation Model

Answer 36

State of relative anonymity that allows someone to feel unidentifiable. Associated with antisocial behavior because people feel less guilt and fear of evaluation.

Question 37

Field Theory

Answer 37

Human behavior is a product of independent factors in the person and their social enviro

Question 38

Jigsaw Method

Answer 38

Method of learning in which group members are assigned different pieces of project. Lots of positive impacts, especially for minority group members.

Question 39

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 39

A person’s decision to leave is dependent on relationship’s cost and rewards. Likely to stay if rewards are greater than costs.

Question 40

Attitude Inoculation

Answer 40

Method of reducing effectiveness of a persuasive message based on the medical model. Give recipients arguments against own position and weak counterarguments.

Question 41

Characteristics of the communication

Answer 41

Level of discrepancy between positions of recipient and message, order in which things are presented, and whether message is delivered intentionally or overheard.

Question 42

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 42

Tendency for an observer to overestimate effects of dispositional factors when making attributions about others, but overestimate situational when making self-attributions.

Question 43

Gain-Loss Effect

Answer 43

People tend to be most attracted to individuals who show increasing liking over time (least attracted when decreasing).

Question 44

Minority Influence

Answer 44

Minority can influence majority but maintaining a consistent position

Question 45

Schemata (schemas)

Answer 45

cog structures that help organize past info and experience to provide a framework for understanding new info and experiences.