Clinical Psychology

Question 1

Emic v Etic

Answer 1

Etic= universalist or culture-general

Emic= culturally specific

Question 2

Alloplastic v Autoplastic Interventions

Answer 2

Alloplastic= make changes to environment
Autoplastic= make changes to the individual

Question 3

Therapist-Client Matching

Answer 3

Mixed results, might reduce premature termination of therapy. Some research suggests other factors (worldview) are more important.

Question 4

Worldview (Sue)

Answer 4

Affected by cultural background and has two factors: locus of control and locus of responsibility. Issues in therapeutic relationships, especially White therapists who are (IC-IR) and black clients who are (IC-ER).

Question 5

Reality Therapy

Answer 5

Based on choice theory! People are responsible for choices they make and therapy focuses on how people make choices that impact the course of their lives. People have 5 basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, fun. Adopt success or failure identity when needs are/arent met.

Question 6

Network Therapy

Answer 6

Helpful for american indian clients. Incorporates family and community members, very contextual.

Question 7

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)

Answer 7

Have to alter family’s structure to change behavior. Can have rigid boundaries (leads to disengagement) or diffuse boundaries (leads to enmeshment). 3 major issues: detouring, stable coalition, and triangulation.

Question 8

Acculturation

Answer 8

Integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization

Question 9

Parallel Process

Answer 9

Happens in supervision when a trainee behaves toward supervisor like how their client is behaving towards them.

Question 10

Issue w/ Treatment Manuals

Answer 10

can oversimplify treatment process

Question 11

Cultural v Functional Paranoia

Answer 11

Cultural: avoid disclosing to white therapist out of fear of being hurt
Functional: unwilling to disclose to any therapist

Question 12

Symmetrical v Complementary Communication

Answer 12

Symmetrical: between equals, can become competitive
Complementary: between unequal individuals and emphasizes their differences

Question 13

Health Belief Model

Answer 13

Health behaviors are influenced by A) readiness to take action (based on perception of susceptibility to illness and severity of consequences) B) evaluation of costs and benefits of making a certain response, C) internal and external cues to action that trigger the response

Question 14

MI OARS

Answer 14

Open ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, summaries

Question 15

Dose-dependent effect

Answer 15

75% of clients in therapy show improvement after 26 sessions, and that # only goes up to 85% after 52 sessions.

Question 16

Separation-individuation (Mahler)

Answer 16

Object relations theorist. Focused on how infant assumes own identity. Development of object relations happens during separation-individuation phase (4-5 mos) and issues during this period can lead to psychopathology down the road.

Question 17

Adler’s Individual Psychology

Answer 17

Behaviors are purposeful and goal-directed. Behaviors are largely related to future goals rather than past events. Key concepts: inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, style of life. Maladaptive behaviors=mistaken style of life.

Question 18

Diagnostic Overshadowing

Answer 18

Tendency to attribute all psychiatric issues to ID. Applies to other diagnoses as well.

Question 19

Hypnosis

Answer 19

CAN help recover repressed memories. BUT does not enhance accuracy of memories, can lead to pseudomemories, and exaggerate a person’s confidence in uncertain memories.

Question 20

Eysenck’s Findings

Answer 20

Did a review of psychotherapy outcome studies (in 1952) and concluded that any apparent benefit to therapy is due to spontaneous remission.

Question 21

Solution-focused therapy

Answer 21

Client is expert and therapist is consultant. Pose questions like the miracle question, exception questions, and scaling questions.

Question 22

Personal construct therapy

Answer 22

psych processes determined by how people construe events. Goal of therapy= identify and revise or replace maladaptive constructs

Question 23

Feminist therapies

Answer 23

Feminist therapy= empowerment, social change, minimizes power differential between client and therapist.

self-in-relation= object relations with feminism. Gender differences traced back to early mother-daughter and mother-son relationships

nonsexist therapy= greater focus on personal causes of behavior and personal change.

Question 24

Strategic Family Therapy

Answer 24

Focus is on transactional patterns and focuses on relief over insight. Use paradoxical interventions (reframing) to alter behavior of family members and help them see symptom in alternative way.

Question 25

Smith et al. Findings

Answer 25

Also looked at psychotherapy outcomes. Found an average effect size of .85…typical therapy client is better off than 80% of people who need therapy but don’t get it.

Question 26

Cybernetics

Answer 26

Communication processes–positive and negative feedback loops. Negative loop reduces deviation and maintains status quo. Positive loop amplifies change and disrupts system.

Question 27

Double-bind communication

Answer 27

Etiological factor of schizophrenia. Communication that involves conflicting negative commands (do that and you’ll be punished, don’t do that and you’ll be punished) with one expressed verbally and other nonverbally. Person receiving this message usually cant comment on it or ask for help.

Question 28

Freudian Psychoanalysis

Answer 28

When ego can’t ward off anxiety through rational means, it resorts to defense mechanisms (repression, reaction formation). These happen unconsciously and serve to distort or deny reality. Work on this through free associations, dreams, transferences, confrontations, interpretation, and working through.

Question 29

Person-centered therapy conditions

Answer 29

people can grow and self-actualize! conditions: emphathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.

Question 30

Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

Answer 30

Behaviors are determined by conscious and unconscious factors. Collective unconscious= memories passed down, included archetypes that lead to experiencing certain things in universal ways.

Individuation: integration of conscious and unconscious aspects of psyche which leads to unique identity and wisdom.

Question 31

Interpersonal Therapy

Answer 31

Manual-based therapy, brief. Originally developed for depression. Focus is on symptom reduction and resolving issues in interpersonal functioning (role transitions, role disputes)

Question 32

Group Therapy Issues

Answer 32

Three Stages
1: orientation, participation, search for meaning, dependency
2: conflict, dominance, rebellion
3: development of cohesiveness

Cohesiveness is most important factor

Question 33

Gestalt Therapy

Answer 33

Awareness is primary curative factor in therapy. Neuroses often comes from boundary disturbance (like introjection) that leads to abandoning self for self image. Transference is NOT productive.

Question 34

Extended Family Systems Terms

Answer 34

Differentiation= ability to separate intellectual and emotional function which avoids fusion
Emotional triangle= two people recruit a third to reduce stress
Genogram= made at start of therapy, includes major events relationships between family members

Question 35

Object-Relations Family Therapy