Physio/Psychopharm

Question 1

Naltrexone

Answer 1

Opioid antagonist that helps reduce craving for alcohol. Some GI, insomnia, and pain side effects

Question 2

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 2

Human response to stress is mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions (cortisol). 3 Stages: alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

Question 3

Types of genetic screening

Answer 3

Look chromosome structure, protein function, and DNA sequence. Cytogenetic, biochemic, and molecular

Question 4

Gate control theory of pain

Answer 4

Mechanisms in spinal cord mediate or block perception of pain.

Question 5

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Answer 5

Network of nerves involved in wakefulness, arousal, and consciousness

Question 6

Methylphenidate

Answer 6

psychostimulants for ADHD. Side effects: insomnia, decreased appetite, dysphoria, growth suppression.

Question 7

Hypertension

Answer 7

2 types: primary (no known cause) and secondar (related to known disease). Primary accounts for 85-90% of cases, can lead to cardiovascular issues. Higher rates for older people, men, and african americans, generally. Higher for african american older women.

Question 8

Neuroimaging Techniques

Answer 8

Structural: CT and MRI
Functional: PET, fMRI, and SPECT

Question 9

Spinal cord damage

Answer 9

At cervical (top level)–> quadripilegia
Thoracic (2nd to top)–> paraplegia (just legs)

Question 10

Weber’s Law

Answer 10

Perception and sensation. A just noticeable difference in intensity is a constant proportion of initial intensity.

Question 11

Fechner’s Law

Answer 11

Perception and sensation. Physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to psych sensations

Question 12

Steven’s Power Law

Answer 12

Perception and sensation. Magnitude of sensation is equal to physical magnitude of sitmulus producing sensation raised to a certain power, which varies.

Question 13

Hormone Replacement therapy

Answer 13

For menopause, estrogen levels dip. Helps alter estrogen and progesterone levels which eliminates hot flashes, mood swings, dryness, and reduces risk of bone loss.

Question 14

Hydrocephalus

Answer 14

Ventricles in brain contain cerebrospinal flueid. If there is a blockage, fluid builds up.

Question 15

Color vision theories

Answer 15

Trichromatic: red, blue, green receptors.
Opponent-process: red-green, yellow-blue, black-white. Cells excited by red, inhibited by green, for example.

Question 16

Retinal disparity

Answer 16

Our two eyes see the world from diff views. The closer an object is to us, the greater the disparity is between these two views.

Question 17

Hypoglycemia symptoms

Answer 17

Low blood glucose caused by excessive insulin. Hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression, confusion.

Question 18

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 18

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Hypothalamus secretes chemicals that stimulate anterior pituitary gland. Then gonadotropic hormones are released.

Question 19

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Answer 19

Alcoholism–>thiamine dificiency–>atrophy in thalamus and parts of hypothalamus–>Wernicke’s encephalopathy–>Korsakoff’s

Wernicke’s: mental confusion, ataxia, abnormal eye movements
Korsakoff: severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation.

Question 20

Parietal lobe damage

Answer 20

Lobe contains somatosensory cortex. Can cause apraxia (can’t perform skilled motor movements, no motor impairment), anosognosia, or gerstmann’s (finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia).

Question 21

Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 21

Clozapine. Affect dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. Effect for positive and negative symptoms. Less likely to lead to tardive dyskinesia. Can produce blood issues and neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Question 22

Temporal lobe and Wernicke’s area

Answer 22

Lone contains primary auditory cortex and wernicke’s area. Damage–> auditory agnosia, cortical deafness, issues with long-term memory, and wernicke’s aphasia (receptive issues)

Question 23

Seizure types

Answer 23

Tonic-clonic or grand mal: muscle contraction and shaking

Petit mal or absence: brief attacks, loss of consciousness without big motor symptoms.

Partial: one side of brain and affect one side of body.

Question 24

Papez’s Circuit

Answer 24

Brain mechanism for expression of emotion. Hippocampus, mammilary bodies, anterior nuclei of thalamus, and cingulate gyrus.

Question 25

MS

Answer 25

progressive nervous system disease. Degeneration of myelin surrounding nerve fibers in central nervous system.
Early symptoms: motor impairment, sensory abnormalities, fatigue.
Later symptoms: tremors, speech issues, cog impairment

Question 26

Memory in the brain

Answer 26

Temporal lobes: encode, store, retrieve long-term declarative

Hippocampus: consolidates long-term declarative (short to long term)

Amygdala: add emotional significance to memory

Prefrontal: short-term, episodic, and prospective

Thalamus: process info and transfer to neocortex

Question 27

Cerebrovascular Accident

Answer 27

cerebral stroke–damage from blood clot or other obstruction or hemorrhage. Disrupts flow of blood to brain. Common symptoms: contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, visual field loss

Question 28

Medulla

Answer 28

hind brain structure. communication between spine and brain. Vital functions like breathing, heartbeat, and BP.

Question 29

Cerebellum

Answer 29

Hindbrain structure. Extrapyrimidal control of motor activities (balance, posture, coordination). Damage–>ataxia, slurred speech, tremors, and loss of balance.

Question 30

Hippocampus

Answer 30

Limbic system structure. Important for spatial and explicit memory and consolidation of declarative memories.

Question 31

Huntington’s

Answer 31

Inherited degenerative disease. Believed to be due to loss of GABA-secreting neurons. Connected to basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
Early: depression, apathy, anxiety, forgetfulness, antisocial tendencies, fidgeting, clumsiness
Later: facial grimaces and “piano playing” movements with fingers

Question 32

Aphasia

Answer 32

Impaired production and/or comprehension of language
Broca: production
Wernicke’s: trouble understanding
Conduction: no comprehension issues, but issues with repetition, anomia, and paraphasia