Learning Theory Flashcards
In Vivo aversion therapy/covert sensitization
Forms of counterconditioning.
In vivo aversion: pair stimulus or behavior in real life with a stimulus that produces an unpleasant response (pair electric shock with alcohol consumption.
Covert sensitization is similar but imaginal.
Thinning
Reducing proportion of reinforcements
Satiation
Reinforcer loses value after too much reinforcing.
Levels of Processing (Memory)
Differences in memory due to different levels of processing (structural, phonemic, and semantic).
Response cost
Negative punishment, remove reinforcer following a behavior that you want to reduce.
Stimulus discrimination training
Used to reduce generalization of stimulus, so only respond with CR in response to original CS.
Experimental neurosis
Happens to organisms when discriminations between stimuli are difficult.
Classical extinction and spontaneous recovery
Elimination of classically conditioned response by repeatedly presenting conditioned stimulus WITHOUT unconditioned stimulus.
Extinguished responses can spontaneously recover without additional pairing.
Exposure with response prevention
Classical extinction technique where you do in vivo exposure to something anxiety-inducing WITHOUT US and prevent avoidance.
Flooding
Exposure where you expose them to most anxiety-arousing stimuli first and for an extended period.
Systematic Desensitization
Use counterconditioning to eliminate anxiety response. Pair heirarchically arranged stimuli with relaxation. Research suggests extinction is actually responsible for its effectiveness (weaken relationship between stimuli and anxious response)
Matching Law
When there are concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organism will match its frequency of responding to frequency of reinforcement.
Premack Principle
Use a high-frequency behavior as a positive reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior
EMDR
Combo of lateral eye movements and exposure. Effectiveness seems to be due more to exposure than anything else.
Interference Theory
Trouble with learning or recalling info is due to retroactive and proactive interference.
Observational Learning
Bandura. Behaviors acquired through observing a model. Mediated by attention, retention, production, and motivation. Self-efficacy is major source of motivation.
Prospective Memory
Long term memory: remember to remember.
Serial Position Effect
Remember beginning and end better than middle. Primacy (long-term memory) and recency (short term memory) effects
Behavioral Model of Depression
Lewinsohn: depression due to low rate of response-contingent reinforcement to inadequate reinforcing stimuli or lack of ability in obtaining reinforcement.
Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
Escape: apply neg reinforcement when target behavior is escape.
Avoidance: a cue signals that neg reinforcement is about to happen so organism can avoid neg reinforcer by performing target behavior.
Habituation
Happens when you start administering a punishment in a weaker form and then increase its intensity.
Shaping v chaining
Shaping: teach a new behavior through prompting and reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to target. Only final behavior is of concern.
Chaining: establish a sequence of responses. Entire sequence is important to learn.
Latent Learning
Tolman: learning can occur without reinforcement (cog maps in mazes)
Stimulus Control
Behavior does or does not occur in presence of discriminative stimuli, so signals in environment let you know if behavior will or won’t be reinforced.
Trace Decay Theory
loss of memory is due to gradual decay of memory over time as result of disuse.
Cognitive therapy and aspects of it
Beck–psychopathology related to certain cognitive phenomena like automatic thoughts.
Collaborative empiricism–emphasis on collaborative relationship. Use socratic dialogue in this.
Info Processing Model of Memory
Multi-store model: 3 separate but interacting stores that include sensory (holds for a few seconds usually), short-term (usually about 30 sec), and long-term (unlimited)
Self-Control Therapy (Rehm)
Brief therapy, deficits in three aspects of self-control increase vulnerability to depression. Three aspects are self-monitoring, self-eval, and self-reinforcement.
Stress Inoculation
CBT technique, enhance coping skills for stress. Cog preparation, skill acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow-through
Insight Learning (Kohler)
First studied with chimps! “aha” experience, apparent sudden understanding of relationship between elements in an issue.
Multicomponent memory model
Working memory consists of central exec and three subsystems: phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer
Biofeedback
Immediate and continuous feedback of physio processes (BP) to enable more control over processes. Relaxation is equally effective for most disorders, but thermal biofeedback is best for Raynaud’s and good for migraine
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis)
ABC chain: A=external event, B= belief individual has about A, C=emotion or behavior that results from B. Repeated irrational beliefs are target of therapy.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Moderate arousal associated with optimal learning and performance.
Learned Helplessness
Attribution style when depressed: internal, stable, and global factors. Revised version emphasized role of hopelessness.
Overcorrection
Used to eliminate behaviors.
Restitution: correct consequences of behavior
Positive Practice: practice corrective behaviors
Reciprocal Inhibition
Counterconditioning method (Wolpe) to alleviate anxiety by pairing a stimulus (CS) that produces anxiety, with a stimulus (US) that produces relaxation or another response that is not compatible with anxiety
