Learning Theory

Question 1

In Vivo aversion therapy/covert sensitization

Answer 1

Forms of counterconditioning.

In vivo aversion: pair stimulus or behavior in real life with a stimulus that produces an unpleasant response (pair electric shock with alcohol consumption.

Covert sensitization is similar but imaginal.

Question 2

Thinning

Answer 2

Reducing proportion of reinforcements

Question 3

Satiation

Answer 3

Reinforcer loses value after too much reinforcing.

Question 4

Levels of Processing (Memory)

Answer 4

Differences in memory due to different levels of processing (structural, phonemic, and semantic).

Question 5

Response cost

Answer 5

Negative punishment, remove reinforcer following a behavior that you want to reduce.

Question 6

Stimulus discrimination training

Answer 6

Used to reduce generalization of stimulus, so only respond with CR in response to original CS.

Question 7

Experimental neurosis

Answer 7

Happens to organisms when discriminations between stimuli are difficult.

Question 8

Classical extinction and spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

Elimination of classically conditioned response by repeatedly presenting conditioned stimulus WITHOUT unconditioned stimulus.

Extinguished responses can spontaneously recover without additional pairing.

Question 9

Exposure with response prevention

Answer 9

Classical extinction technique where you do in vivo exposure to something anxiety-inducing WITHOUT US and prevent avoidance.

Question 10

Flooding

Answer 10

Exposure where you expose them to most anxiety-arousing stimuli first and for an extended period.

Question 11

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 11

Use counterconditioning to eliminate anxiety response. Pair heirarchically arranged stimuli with relaxation. Research suggests extinction is actually responsible for its effectiveness (weaken relationship between stimuli and anxious response)

Question 12

Matching Law

Answer 12

When there are concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organism will match its frequency of responding to frequency of reinforcement.

Question 13

Premack Principle

Answer 13

Use a high-frequency behavior as a positive reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior

Question 14

EMDR

Answer 14

Combo of lateral eye movements and exposure. Effectiveness seems to be due more to exposure than anything else.

Question 15

Interference Theory

Answer 15

Trouble with learning or recalling info is due to retroactive and proactive interference.

Question 16

Observational Learning

Answer 16

Bandura. Behaviors acquired through observing a model. Mediated by attention, retention, production, and motivation. Self-efficacy is major source of motivation.

Question 17

Prospective Memory

Answer 17

Long term memory: remember to remember.

Question 18

Serial Position Effect

Answer 18

Remember beginning and end better than middle. Primacy (long-term memory) and recency (short term memory) effects

Question 19

Behavioral Model of Depression

Answer 19

Lewinsohn: depression due to low rate of response-contingent reinforcement to inadequate reinforcing stimuli or lack of ability in obtaining reinforcement.

Question 20

Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 20

Escape: apply neg reinforcement when target behavior is escape.

Avoidance: a cue signals that neg reinforcement is about to happen so organism can avoid neg reinforcer by performing target behavior.

Question 21

Habituation

Answer 21

Happens when you start administering a punishment in a weaker form and then increase its intensity.

Question 22

Shaping v chaining

Answer 22

Shaping: teach a new behavior through prompting and reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to target. Only final behavior is of concern.

Chaining: establish a sequence of responses. Entire sequence is important to learn.

Question 23

Latent Learning

Answer 23

Tolman: learning can occur without reinforcement (cog maps in mazes)

Question 24

Stimulus Control

Answer 24

Behavior does or does not occur in presence of discriminative stimuli, so signals in environment let you know if behavior will or won’t be reinforced.

Question 25

Trace Decay Theory

Answer 25

loss of memory is due to gradual decay of memory over time as result of disuse.

Question 26

Cognitive therapy and aspects of it

Answer 26

Beck–psychopathology related to certain cognitive phenomena like automatic thoughts.

Collaborative empiricism–emphasis on collaborative relationship. Use socratic dialogue in this.

Question 27

Info Processing Model of Memory

Answer 27

Multi-store model: 3 separate but interacting stores that include sensory (holds for a few seconds usually), short-term (usually about 30 sec), and long-term (unlimited)

Question 28

Self-Control Therapy (Rehm)

Answer 28

Brief therapy, deficits in three aspects of self-control increase vulnerability to depression. Three aspects are self-monitoring, self-eval, and self-reinforcement.

Question 29

Stress Inoculation

Answer 29

CBT technique, enhance coping skills for stress. Cog preparation, skill acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow-through

Question 30

Insight Learning (Kohler)

Answer 30

First studied with chimps! “aha” experience, apparent sudden understanding of relationship between elements in an issue.

Question 31

Multicomponent memory model

Answer 31

Working memory consists of central exec and three subsystems: phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer

Question 32

Biofeedback

Answer 32

Immediate and continuous feedback of physio processes (BP) to enable more control over processes. Relaxation is equally effective for most disorders, but thermal biofeedback is best for Raynaud’s and good for migraine

Question 33

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis)

Answer 33

ABC chain: A=external event, B= belief individual has about A, C=emotion or behavior that results from B. Repeated irrational beliefs are target of therapy.

Question 34

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 34

Moderate arousal associated with optimal learning and performance.

Question 35

Learned Helplessness

Answer 35

Attribution style when depressed: internal, stable, and global factors. Revised version emphasized role of hopelessness.

Question 36

Overcorrection

Answer 36

Used to eliminate behaviors.
Restitution: correct consequences of behavior
Positive Practice: practice corrective behaviors

Question 37

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 37

Counterconditioning method (Wolpe) to alleviate anxiety by pairing a stimulus (CS) that produces anxiety, with a stimulus (US) that produces relaxation or another response that is not compatible with anxiety