Social processes, attitudes, behavior, interaction, and thinking (BS 8)

Question 1

social action

Answer 1

behaviors individuals are performing because others are around

Question 2

social facilitation

Answer 2

the concept that people perform better on simple tasks when others are around

Question 3

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Answer 3

arousal is raised when others are around, which improves ability to perform tasks one is already good at but hinders performance of less familiar tasks

Question 4

deindividuation

Answer 4

large groups provide anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity; may lead to antinormative behavior

Question 5

bystander effect

Answer 5

occurs in social groups where individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present

Question 6

social loafing

Answer 6

the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting

Question 7

peer pressure

Answer 7

the social influence on an individual by others that may cause changes in behavior, attitudes, or beliefs

Question 8

identity shift effect

Answer 8

individuals often conform to the norms of a group when there is a threat of social rejection; may lead to internal conflict

Question 9

cognitive dissonance

Answer 9

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions; may manifest as fear, anxiety, anger, or confusion

Question 10

group polarization

Answer 10

the tendency for groups to make decision that are more extreme; may lead to riskier or more cautious decisions

Question 11

groupthink

Answer 11

the tendency for a group of people to come to an incorrect or poor decision to minimize conflict; Janis postulated 8 factors

Question 12

assimilation

Answer 12

the process by which an individual’s behavior begins to resemble that of another culture; may involve blending of two cultures

Question 13

ethnic enclaves

Answer 13

locations with a high concentration of a specific ethnicity (ex. Chinatown) that may slow assimilation

Question 14

multiculturalism

Answer 14

communities or societies containing multiple cultures; a celebration of coexisting cultures

Question 15

subcultures

Answer 15

refers to groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture they belong to

Question 16

counterculture

Answer 16

the subculture group gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and opposes social mores

Question 17

primary socializtion

Answer 17

occurs during childhood when we learn acceptable actions/attitudes through observation of parents

Question 18

secondary socialization

Answer 18

the process of learning appropriate behavior outside of the home and is based on learning the rules of different environments

Question 19

norms

Answer 19

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Question 20

mores

Answer 20

more widely observed social norms

Question 21

taboo

Answer 21

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible acts

Question 22

folkways

Answer 22

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions (ex. shaking hands after sports)

Question 23

deviance

Answer 23

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations in a society

Question 24

stigma

Answer 24

extreme disapproval/dislike of a person or group based on perceived difference from the rest of society

Question 25

labeling theory

Answer 25

labels given to people affect how others respond to them and their self image

Question 26

differential association theory

Answer 26

deviance can be learned through interactions with others

Question 27

strain theory

Answer 27

explains deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

Question 28

conformity

Answer 28

matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms; internalization: changing behaviors to fit a group while also agreeing with the ideas; identification: only an outward acceptance of others ideas

Question 29

compliance

Answer 29

a change in behavior based on a direct request

Question 30

foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 30

a small request is made, after gaining compliance a large request is made

Question 31

door-in-the-face technique

Answer 31

a large request is made at first, and if refused, a second smaller request is made

Question 32

lowball technique

Answer 32

a compliance technique where the requestor gets an initial commitment from you, and then raises the cost of the commitment (ex. increases time needed)

Question 33

thats-not-all technique

Answer 33

compliance technique where an individual is made an offer and before making a decision the deal is made better

Question 34

obedience

Answer 34

obedience is changing behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure (compliance does not involve a superior)

Question 35

attitude

Answer 35

the expression of positive or negative feelings toward something; shaped by past experiences; includes affective, behavioral, and cognitive components

Question 36

functional attitudes theory

Answer 36

attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense

Question 37

learning theory

Answer 37

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning like direct contact, direct instruction, and others’ attitudes as well as classical/operant conditioning

Question 38

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 38

separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information; involves central route (deep thinking) processing and peripheral route (superficial) processing

Question 39

social cognitive theory

Answer 39

people learn how to behave by observing the behaviors of others; behavior arises from direct observation and replication