Motivation, emotion, stress (BS 5)

Question 1

extrinsic motivation

Answer 1

motivation that is external, including rewards and punishments

Question 2

intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

motivation that comes from within, including interest or enjoyment

Question 3

instinct theory of motivation

Answer 3

instincts are innate, fixed patterns of behavior; the theory posits that people are driven to do certain behaviors due to evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 4

arousal theory of motivation

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 4

theory states people perform actions in order to maintain optimal levels of arousal; the Yerkes-Dodson law postulates performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal

Question 5

drive reduction theory of motivation

Answer 5

drives are internal states of tension; theory explains motivation as being based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable internal states; primary drives maintain homeostasis, secondary drives are not biological processes

Question 6

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (motivation)

Answer 6

a need-based theory, Maslow’s theory that certain needs (physiological and psychological requirements) will yield a greater influence on motivation; five tiered pyramid: physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

Question 7

self-determination theory of motivation

Answer 7

a need-based theory that emphasizes universal needs including autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 8

incentive theory of motivation

Answer 8

explains behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 9

expectancy-value theory of motivation

Answer 9

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both expectation of success in achieving the goal and degree to which reaching the goal is valued

Question 10

opponent process theory of motivation

Answer 10

theory states the body will adapt to counteract repeated exposure to stimuli, used to explain drug addiction

Question 11

three elements of emotion

Answer 11

physiological response (arousal stimulated by ANS), behavioral response (facial/body language), cognitive response (subjective interpretation of feeling)

Question 12

universal emotions

Answer 12

proposed by Darwin; happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Question 13

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 13

first response is physiological arousal to a stimulus, secondary response is the labeling of conscious emotion

Question 14

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 14

hypothesizes physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur simultaneously; first response is arousal and conscious emotion, secondary response is an action

Question 15

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

cognitive arousal theory

Answer 15

first response combines physiological arousal and environmental cues, second response is the labeling of a conscious emotion

Question 16

limbic system

Answer 16

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei

Question 17

amygdala

Answer 17

associated with fear; plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions and controls implicit memory system

Question 18

hypothalamus

Answer 18

synthesizes and releases various neurotransmitters involved in mood and arousal; dictates emotional states

Question 19

hippocampus

Answer 19

located in temporal lobe; involved in creating long term memories; controls explicit memory system

Question 20

cognitive appraisal of stress

Answer 20

the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress broken into primary appraisal (determining if a threat exists) and secondary appraisal (determining emotional response)

Question 21

distress and eustress

Answer 21

distress occurs in response to unpleasant stressors, eustress results from positive conditions; both require a lifestyle change

Question 22

general adaptation syndrome for stress

Answer 22

a sequence of physiological responses developed by Selye in response to stress starting with alarm, then resistance, and ending with exhaustion

Question 23

stress hormones

Answer 23

ACTH, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine; released continuously during resistance to allow sympathetic nervous system to stay active in fighting stressor