Social interaction and thinking (BS 9, 10) Flashcards
ascribed status
status given involuntarily due to factors like race and gender
achieved status
a status that is gained as a result of one’s effort/choices
master status
status by which a person is most identified; usually the most important status
role performance
the use of behaviors associated with a given role
role conflict
difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles
role strain
difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements for the same role
primary group
interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members
secondary group
interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds; last for shorter periods of time
gemeinschaft/gesellschaft
two groups defined by Ferdinand Tonnies; gemeinschaft=community and gesellschaft=society
SMYLOG
used to observe, classify, and measure interactions within a small group; based on idea of three fundamental dimensions of interaction
group conformity
individuals will comply with a group’s goals, even when they are in contrast to the individual’s goals
groupthink
occurs when members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group and ignore outside ideas
network
describes observable patterns of social relationships
formal organizations
entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and culture
bureaucracy
rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control with paid, non-elected officials
iron law of oligarchy
democratic/bureaucratic systems tend to shift to being ruled by an elite group
basic model of emotional expression
Darwin believed that expression is consistent with theories of evolution and should be similar across culture
appraisal model
accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but there are cognitive precursors to emotional expression
social construction model
assumes no biological bassi for emotion; states one must be familiar with social norms for a certain emotion to perform the emotional behaviors
display rules
culture provides the foundation for behaviors and place expectations of emotion; govern what emotions are expressed
cultural syndrome
shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme
impression management
our attempts to influence how others perceive us using three selves: authentic, ideal, and tactical
reciprocal liking
people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
amygdala
part of the brain that indicates whether something is a threat, when activated it increases aggression
cognitive neoassociation model
we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotion
secure attachment
occurs when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing there is a secure base to return to; child is upset when caregiver leaves and is comforted when they return
avoidant attachment
occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child; child doesn’t show preference between stranger or caregiver and show little distress or relief when caregiver leaves and returns
ambivalent attachment
occurs when a caregiver has inconsistent responses to child’s distress so the child doesn’t form a secure base; child is distressed when the caregiver leaves but shows a mixed response when they return
disorganized attachment
child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregivers absence or presence and is often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
phenotypic benefits
theory of mate choice that relies on traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex
sensory bias
theory of mate choice involving the development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
fisherian or runaway selection
theory of mate choice involving positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
indicator traits
theory of mate choice that states traits that signify overall good health increase its attractiveness to mates
genetic compatability
theory of mate choice that involves the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics (ex. reducing freq. of recessive genetic disorders)
altruism
a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself
empathy-altruism hypothesis
an individual helps a person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost
game theory
used to explain decision making behavior; game payoffs refer to fitness; hawk dove game is an evolutionary model focused on shared resources
components of social perception
the perceiver, the target (what the perception is being made about), and the situation
primacy effect
the idea that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions; the reverse is the recency effect
reliance on central traits
individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that are most relevant to the perceiver
implicit personality theory
there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related
halo effect
cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual; attractiveness can produce this effect
just-world hypothesis
the idea that in a just world good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
self-serving bias
individuals will view their own success based on internal factors and view failures based on external factors
self-enhancement
focuses on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures
attribution theory
the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior; dispositional attributions are those that relate to the person, situational attributions relate to features of the surroundings
consistency cues
consistent behavior of a person over time
consensus cues
extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others
distinctiveness cues
extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios
corespondent inference theory
focuses on the intentionality of others behavior
fundamental attribution error
we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts
attribute substitution
occurs when individuals have to make complex judgments, but substitute a simpler solution or heuristic instead
stereotype
occurs when attitudes are based on limited and superficial information about a person/group
paternalistic stereotype
group is looked down upon as inferior
contemptuous stereotype
group is viewed with resentment or annoyance
envious stereotype
group is viewed with jealousy
admiration stereotype
group is viewed with pride or other positive feelings
self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes may lead to expectations of people, which can create conditions that lead to the confirmation of those expectations
stereotype threat
the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype
prejudice
irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person/group prior to an actual experience with the entity
ethnocentrism
the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of ones own culture
cultural relativism
the perception of another culture as different from one’s own; does not imply superiority
discrimination
occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a group to be treated differently than others
