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Behavioural sciences > Social Processed, Attitudes, And Behaviour > Flashcards

Social Processed, Attitudes, And Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

The concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self, the ideas an individual has regarding his own ability, traits, and beliefs and the interpersonal self, the manner in which others influence the creation of the ideal self

A

Michelangelo phenomenon

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2
Q

Social action

A

Actions and behaviours that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around. Considers and individual that is surrounded by others

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3
Q

Social facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others **performance sparks a perceived evaluation in the individuals performing

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4
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal which enhances the ability to perform simple tasks that one already knows and hinders less familiar complex tasks

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5
Q

Deindividuation

A

Individual behaviour can be dramatically different in a social environment/group setting - the large group provides anonymity and causes loss of individual identity
Eg. Violence in crowds

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6
Q

Behaviour against the norm

A

Antinormative behaviour

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7
Q

Bystander effect

A

Individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present. Likelihood and timeliness of intervention is inversely proportional to crowd size

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8
Q

The tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

A

Social loafing

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9
Q

Peer pressure

A

Social influence placed on an individual by a group or another individual - peers are considered equal within a social group

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10
Q

Identity shift effect

A

When an individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection the individual will often conform to the norms of the group - created internal conflict - experiences an identity shift to adopt these standards to reduce conflict

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11
Q

Simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions - will create internal source of discomfort -individual will change, add or minimize one of these thoughts

A

Cognitive dissonance

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12
Q

Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment

A

Individuals will often to conform to the opinion held by the group - individuals will sometimes provide answers they know to be untrue if it avoids going against the group - the urge to conform outweighs the desire to answer correctly

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13
Q

Explores the way in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behaviour

A

Social interaction

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14
Q

Group polarization

A

Individuals in a group tend to make decisions that are more extreme than they would have alone
Eg. Policy making, violence and terrorism, jury, social media

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15
Q

Choice shift

A

Groups tend to shift their decisions to either risky or cautious

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16
Q

Desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to a poor or incorrect decision. In an attempt to eliminate conflict in the group they isolate and ignore alternate viewpoints

A

Groupthink

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17
Q

What influences groupthink

A

Group cohesiveness, group structure, leadership, situational context

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18
Q

What are the 8 factors that are indicative of group think?

A
  1. Illusion of invulnerability - creation of optimism and encouragement of risk taking
  2. Collective rationalization - ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
  3. Illusion of morality - belief that the groups decisions are morally correct
  4. Excessive stereotyping - the construction of stereotypes against outside opinion
  5. Pressure of conformity - the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
  6. Self-censorship - the withholding of opposing views
  7. Illusion of unanimity - false sense of agreement within the group
  8. Mind guards - the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
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19
Q

The beliefs, behaviours, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

A

Culture

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20
Q

Cultural differences that seem dramatic when one travels outside of their culture

A

Culture shock

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21
Q

Cultural assimilation

A

Process by which a groups behaviour and culture begin to resemble that of another group. Cultures merge into one. Typically not evening. Considered a melting pot.

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22
Q

What are the four main factors that can be used to assess completeness of immigrant assimilation

A
  1. Socioeconomic status
  2. Geographic distribution
  3. Language attainment
  4. Intermarriage
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23
Q

How can assimilation be slowed?

A

Ethnic enclaves. Locations with a high concentration of one ethnicity
Eg. Chinatown

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24
Q

Communities or societies containing multiple cultures. Encourages, respects and celebrates cultural differences. Enhances cultural diversity and acceptance

A

Multiculturalism (cultural mosaic )

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25
Q

A group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.

A

Subculture

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26
Q

The process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

A

Socialization

27
Q

Primary socialization

A

Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity

28
Q

Secondary socialization

A

Process of learning appropriate behaviour within smaller sections of the larger society. Done outside of the home, in specifically social environments. Typically in adults or adolescents. Smaller changes or refinement to behaviour. Can include moving, new schools or professions

29
Q

Process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupation, living situation or relationships
Eg. Prepping for married life

A

Anticipatory socialization

30
Q

Process by which one discards old behaviours in favour for new ones to make a life change
Eg. Armed forces or cult

A

Resocialization

31
Q

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behaviour

A

Norms

32
Q

_____ are more widely observed social norms

A

Mores

33
Q

While norms are not laws they do govern behaviour of a society and provide a sense of ______. Norms provide us with a sense of what is appropriate, what we should do and what is considered _____, or socially unacceptable.

A

Social control, taboo

34
Q

Norms that refer to behaviour that is considered polite in particular contexts such as shaking hands after a sports match

A

Folkways

35
Q

Penalties for misconduct called ____ can be used to maintain social order

A

Sanctions

36
Q

List some agents of socialization

A

Peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs, school, family

37
Q

Any violation of norms, rules o expectations within a society. Includes any act that meets with disapproval from the larger society

A

Deviance

38
Q

Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society. Can spread to others who are associated with that individual

A

Stigma

39
Q

Labeling theory

A

The labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person but the persons self image. Links deviance, stigmatization and reputation.

40
Q

Deviance can be learned through interactions with others. Deviance provides a clear perception of social norms ant acceptable boundaries, encourages unity within society and can even promote social change

A

Differential association theory

41
Q

Matching ones attitudes, beliefs and behaviours to societal norms

A

Conformity (aka majority influence )

42
Q

Pressure to conform can be _____ or ______

A

Real or imagined

43
Q

The desire to fit into a group because of the fear of rejection. Seen in Asch experiments

A

Normative conformity

44
Q

Changing of ones behaviour to fit into a group while also privately agreeing to the ideas of the group. Seen in the Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Internalization

45
Q

Acceptance of the groups ideas without questioning them

A

Identification

46
Q

Western cultures are ____ likely to conform while eastern cultures are ____likely to conform

A

Less, more

47
Q

A change in behaviour based on a direct request from a person or group who typically have no authority

A

Compliance

48
Q

A small request is made and after gaining compliance a larger request is made

A

Foot-in-the-door technique

49
Q

A large request is made at first and if refused a second smaller request that is usually the goal of the request or is made

A

Door-in-the-face technique

50
Q

Request or will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment

A

Lowball technique

51
Q

An individual is made an offer, but before making the decision , is told the deal is even better than they expected. Eg. Informercials

A

That’s not all technique

52
Q

Changing ones behaviour in response to a direct order from an authority figure
Eg. Stanley Milgram’s experiment with actor students and teachers with shocker

A

Obedience

53
Q

The ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behaviour

A

Social cognition

54
Q

The expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing or scenario. Are developed from experience

A

Attitude

55
Q

What are the three primary components of attitude

A
  1. Affective - the emotional component - how someone feels towards something
  2. Behavioural - the way a persons acts with respect to something
  3. Cognitive - the way an individual thinks about something - justification for the other 2 components
56
Q

The four functions that attitudes serve is called

A

Functional attitudes theory

57
Q

What are the four functions that attitudes serve

A
  1. Knowledge -provides consistency and stability - organization of thoughts and helps predict behaviour
  2. Ego-expression - allows us to communicate and solidify our self identity
  3. Adaptation - idea that one will be accepted if socially accepted attitudes are expressed
  4. Ego-defensive -if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
58
Q

Learning theory

A

Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning.
Influenced by: Direct contact. Direct instruction. Others attitudes. Classical conditioning , operant conditioning, observational learning

59
Q

Separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information

A

Elaboration likelihood model

60
Q

To scrutinize and analyze the content of persuasive information

A

Central route processing (high elaboration )

61
Q

Focusing on superficial details of persuasive information such as appearances, catchphrases, slogans and credibility

A

Peripheral route processing (low elaboration )

62
Q

People learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing behaviours of others

A

Social cognitive theory

63
Q

What is Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation

A

It is part of the social cognitive theory. Behaviour, personal factors and environment all influence each other to promote learning

Behavioural sciences (7 decks)

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