Social Processed, Attitudes, And Behaviour Flashcards
The concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self, the ideas an individual has regarding his own ability, traits, and beliefs and the interpersonal self, the manner in which others influence the creation of the ideal self
Michelangelo phenomenon
Social action
Actions and behaviours that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around. Considers and individual that is surrounded by others
Social facilitation
People tend to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others **performance sparks a perceived evaluation in the individuals performing
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal which enhances the ability to perform simple tasks that one already knows and hinders less familiar complex tasks
Deindividuation
Individual behaviour can be dramatically different in a social environment/group setting - the large group provides anonymity and causes loss of individual identity
Eg. Violence in crowds
Behaviour against the norm
Antinormative behaviour
Bystander effect
Individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present. Likelihood and timeliness of intervention is inversely proportional to crowd size
The tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually
Social loafing
Peer pressure
Social influence placed on an individual by a group or another individual - peers are considered equal within a social group
Identity shift effect
When an individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection the individual will often conform to the norms of the group - created internal conflict - experiences an identity shift to adopt these standards to reduce conflict
Simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions - will create internal source of discomfort -individual will change, add or minimize one of these thoughts
Cognitive dissonance
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment
Individuals will often to conform to the opinion held by the group - individuals will sometimes provide answers they know to be untrue if it avoids going against the group - the urge to conform outweighs the desire to answer correctly
Explores the way in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behaviour
Social interaction
Group polarization
Individuals in a group tend to make decisions that are more extreme than they would have alone
Eg. Policy making, violence and terrorism, jury, social media
Choice shift
Groups tend to shift their decisions to either risky or cautious
Desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to a poor or incorrect decision. In an attempt to eliminate conflict in the group they isolate and ignore alternate viewpoints
Groupthink
What influences groupthink
Group cohesiveness, group structure, leadership, situational context
What are the 8 factors that are indicative of group think?
- Illusion of invulnerability - creation of optimism and encouragement of risk taking
- Collective rationalization - ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
- Illusion of morality - belief that the groups decisions are morally correct
- Excessive stereotyping - the construction of stereotypes against outside opinion
- Pressure of conformity - the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
- Self-censorship - the withholding of opposing views
- Illusion of unanimity - false sense of agreement within the group
- Mind guards - the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
The beliefs, behaviours, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
Culture
Cultural differences that seem dramatic when one travels outside of their culture
Culture shock
Cultural assimilation
Process by which a groups behaviour and culture begin to resemble that of another group. Cultures merge into one. Typically not evening. Considered a melting pot.
What are the four main factors that can be used to assess completeness of immigrant assimilation
- Socioeconomic status
- Geographic distribution
- Language attainment
- Intermarriage
How can assimilation be slowed?
Ethnic enclaves. Locations with a high concentration of one ethnicity
Eg. Chinatown
Communities or societies containing multiple cultures. Encourages, respects and celebrates cultural differences. Enhances cultural diversity and acceptance
Multiculturalism (cultural mosaic )
A group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.
Subculture
The process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
Socialization
Primary socialization
Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity
Secondary socialization
Process of learning appropriate behaviour within smaller sections of the larger society. Done outside of the home, in specifically social environments. Typically in adults or adolescents. Smaller changes or refinement to behaviour. Can include moving, new schools or professions
Process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupation, living situation or relationships
Eg. Prepping for married life
Anticipatory socialization
Process by which one discards old behaviours in favour for new ones to make a life change
Eg. Armed forces or cult
Resocialization
Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behaviour
Norms
_____ are more widely observed social norms
Mores
While norms are not laws they do govern behaviour of a society and provide a sense of ______. Norms provide us with a sense of what is appropriate, what we should do and what is considered _____, or socially unacceptable.
Social control, taboo
Norms that refer to behaviour that is considered polite in particular contexts such as shaking hands after a sports match
Folkways
Penalties for misconduct called ____ can be used to maintain social order
Sanctions
List some agents of socialization
Peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs, school, family
Any violation of norms, rules o expectations within a society. Includes any act that meets with disapproval from the larger society
Deviance
Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society. Can spread to others who are associated with that individual
Stigma
Labeling theory
The labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person but the persons self image. Links deviance, stigmatization and reputation.
Deviance can be learned through interactions with others. Deviance provides a clear perception of social norms ant acceptable boundaries, encourages unity within society and can even promote social change
Differential association theory
Matching ones attitudes, beliefs and behaviours to societal norms
Conformity (aka majority influence )
Pressure to conform can be _____ or ______
Real or imagined
The desire to fit into a group because of the fear of rejection. Seen in Asch experiments
Normative conformity
Changing of ones behaviour to fit into a group while also privately agreeing to the ideas of the group. Seen in the Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
Internalization
Acceptance of the groups ideas without questioning them
Identification
Western cultures are ____ likely to conform while eastern cultures are ____likely to conform
Less, more
A change in behaviour based on a direct request from a person or group who typically have no authority
Compliance
A small request is made and after gaining compliance a larger request is made
Foot-in-the-door technique
A large request is made at first and if refused a second smaller request that is usually the goal of the request or is made
Door-in-the-face technique
Request or will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment
Lowball technique
An individual is made an offer, but before making the decision , is told the deal is even better than they expected. Eg. Informercials
That’s not all technique
Changing ones behaviour in response to a direct order from an authority figure
Eg. Stanley Milgram’s experiment with actor students and teachers with shocker
Obedience
The ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behaviour
Social cognition
The expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing or scenario. Are developed from experience
Attitude
What are the three primary components of attitude
- Affective - the emotional component - how someone feels towards something
- Behavioural - the way a persons acts with respect to something
- Cognitive - the way an individual thinks about something - justification for the other 2 components
The four functions that attitudes serve is called
Functional attitudes theory
What are the four functions that attitudes serve
- Knowledge -provides consistency and stability - organization of thoughts and helps predict behaviour
- Ego-expression - allows us to communicate and solidify our self identity
- Adaptation - idea that one will be accepted if socially accepted attitudes are expressed
- Ego-defensive -if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
Learning theory
Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning.
Influenced by: Direct contact. Direct instruction. Others attitudes. Classical conditioning , operant conditioning, observational learning
Separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information
Elaboration likelihood model
To scrutinize and analyze the content of persuasive information
Central route processing (high elaboration )
Focusing on superficial details of persuasive information such as appearances, catchphrases, slogans and credibility
Peripheral route processing (low elaboration )
People learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing behaviours of others
Social cognitive theory
What is Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation
It is part of the social cognitive theory. Behaviour, personal factors and environment all influence each other to promote learning
