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Behavioural sciences > Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Sensation And Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Aligns with transduction - conversion of external and internal signals into electrical signals in the nervous system - raw information

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2
Q

Perception

A

Processing of the electrical signals to make sense of them and make them significant

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3
Q

Neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

A

Sensory receptors

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4
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS

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5
Q

Provide examples of sensory receptors

A

Photoreceptors, hair cells, nocireceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, olfactory receptors, taste receptors

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6
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimulus that renders a difference in perception - different for everyone !!!

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory neuron ( to be transduced into action potential)- sensation not perception

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8
Q

Threshold of conscious perception

A

Signal reaches the CNS but does not reach the higher order brain regions that control attention and consciousness
Aka subliminal perception

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9
Q

Minimal difference in magnitude between two stimuli before once can perceive this difference

A

Difference threshold or just noticeable difference (jnd)

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10
Q

Webers law

A

There is a constant ratio between change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus
For higher magnitude stimuli the actual difference must be large to produce a jnd

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11
Q

When does Weber’s law not apply

A

At the extremely high and low end of each range

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12
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on internal (psychological ) and external (environmental) context

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13
Q

Tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to non sensory factors

A

Response bias

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14
Q

Trial in which the signal is presented

A

Catch trial

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15
Q

Trial in which the signal is not presented

A

Noise trial

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16
Q

Subject correctly perceives the signal

A

Hit

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17
Q

Subject fails to perceive a given signal

A

Misses

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18
Q

Subject seems to perceive a a signal when none was given

A

False alarm

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19
Q

Subject correctly identifies no signal was given

A

Correct negative

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

Our detection of a stimulus can change over time

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21
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye -thick structural later that surrounds eye except cornea

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22
Q

Choroidal vessels

A

Blood vessel between sclera and retina

Retinal vessels is a second set of vessels found in the eye

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23
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer of the eye which contains photoreceptors that transducer light into electrical information

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24
Q

Cornea

A

Clear dome like window in the front of the eye which gathers and focuses incoming light

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25
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Lies in front of iris

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26
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Between iris and lens

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27
Q

Coloured part of eye

A

Iris

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28
Q

Which muscles causes the pupil to open

A

Dilator pupillae- under sympathetic stimulation

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29
Q

Which muscle constricts pupil

A

Constrictor pupillae - under parasympathetic control

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30
Q

Produces the aqueous humour

A

Ciliary body

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31
Q

Where does aqueous humour drain

A

Canal of schlemm

32
Q

Lens

A

Lies behind iris and helps control the refraction of incoming light

33
Q

Accommodation

A

Ciliary muscle which is under parasympathetic control contracts and pulls on the sensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens

34
Q

Transparent gel that supports the retina

A

Vitreous

35
Q

Which body system does the retina belong to?

A

Belongs to the CNS - is an outgrowth of brain tissue

36
Q

Duplexity

A

Retina contains 2 types of photoreceptors - one for light and dark and one for colour detection

37
Q

Used for colour vision and to sense fine details

A

Cones (are most effective in bright light )

38
Q

What are the three types of cones and how do they differ?

A

Named for the weave length of light they best absorb
S - BLUE
M- Green
L -Red

39
Q

Allow for the sensation of light and dark and permits night vision

A

Rods - they pigment is callled rhodopsin

40
Q

Macula

A

Central section of eye that has high conc of cones

41
Q

Centre most point of macula that contains only cones

A

Fovea

42
Q

Where in the eye do we have the best visual acuity

A

The fovea - also the most sensitive to daylight

43
Q

Blind spot

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye - no photoreceptors here

44
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Highlight difference between rods and cones - synapse with ganglionic cells which then group together to form the optic nerve

45
Q

As the number of receptors that converge through _____ cells onto ganglion cells resolution ________

A

Bipolar cells, decreases

46
Q

______ vision has greater sensitivity to fine detail because _____?

A

Colour vision, because less cones converging onto a ganglion

47
Q

What are amacrine and horizontal cells important for?

A

Important for edge protection as they increase perception of contrasts

48
Q

Physical connection between eyes and brain and flow of visual information

A

Visual pathways

49
Q

Right visual field projects on the ____ of each eyes retina and the left visual field projects on the _____

A

Right projects on left and left projects on right

50
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Fibres from the nasal half of each each eyes retina crosses paths - they carry the temporal (towards side of head) field of view
Temporal fibres which carry the nasal field of view do not cross thee chiasm
All fibres corresponding to the left visual field from both eyes projects to the right side of the brain and the fibres corresponding to the right visual field from both eyes projects on the left side of brain

51
Q

Reorganized paths leaving the optic chiasm

A

Optic tracts

52
Q

From the optic chiasm the info goes to

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus through radiations in the temporal and parietal lobe to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

53
Q

Parallel processsing

A

Ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding colour shape and motion compared to our memories to determine what is being viewed

54
Q

Shape is detected by ______ cells which have high _______ and low ________

A

Parvocelllular - high spatial resolution but low temporal resolution

55
Q

Motion is detected by _______ cells because they high ______ and low ______

A

Magnocellular cells — high temporal resolution and low spatial resolution
Provide blurry but moving image of object

56
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve to brain stem where is ascend to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
Some sound is also sent to the superior olive which localized sound and inferior colliculus which is involved in the startle reflex

57
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami (savoury )

58
Q

Somatosensation

A 
Touch - has four modalities :
Pressure
Vibration 
Pain 
Temperature
59
Q

Responds to deep pressure and vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscle

60
Q

Responds to light touch

A

Meissner corpuscle

61
Q

Responds to deep pressure and texture

A

Merckle discs

62
Q

Responds to stretch

A

Ruffini endings

63
Q

Responds to pain and temperature

A

Free nerve endings

64
Q

Two point threshold

A

Minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
Depends on density of nerves

65
Q

Physiological zero

A

Temperature is judged relative to normal skin temp b/w 86 and 97 F feels cold below feels warm above

66
Q

Can turn pain signals off affecting whether or not we receive pain - spinal cord is able to preferentially forward signals from other touch modalities reducing pain sensation

A

Gate theory of pain

67
Q

Ability to tells where ones body is in space

A

Kinaesthetic sense or propioception

68
Q

Bottom up (data driven) processing

A

Object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection
Brain takes individual sensory stimuli and combines them together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is

69
Q

Top down (conceptually driven) processing

A

Memories and expectations allow brain to recognize while object and then the components based on these expectations

70
Q

Perceptual organization

A

Ability to use data and concept in tandem to create a complete picture or idea

71
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when it is incomplete

72
Q

Law of proximity

A

Elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

73
Q

Law of similarity

A

Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

74
Q

Law of good continuation

A

Elements that appear to follow the same pathway are grouped together - tendency to perceive continuous patterns rather than abrupt stops

75
Q

Subjective contours

A

Perceiving contours and therefore shapes in the stimulus that are not actually present

76
Q

Law of closure

A

When a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure - perceived to be more closed than they actually are

77
Q

Law of pragnanz

A

Perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple and symmetric as possible - this governs all of gestalt principles

Behavioural sciences (7 decks)

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