Identity And Personality Flashcards
The many ways in which we define ourselves. Our own internal list of answers to the question who am i? Includes views on past and future self.
Self concept
Self given label that carries with it a set of qualities
Self-schema
Individual components of our self concept related to the groups to which we belong. Do not necessarily need to be compatible
Identity
A persons appraisal of him or herself on scaled of masculinity and femininity
Gender identity
State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
Androgyny
State of have very little masculinity as well as very little femininity
Undifferentiated
Refers to ones ethnic group in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage and language
Ethnic identity
Nationality
Based on political borders, shared history, media, cuisine and national symbols such as the flag
Hierarchy of salience
We let our situation dictate what identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment
Salience is determined by amount of work we have invested into an identity , rewards and gratification associated with identity, amount of self esteem associated with it
Self discrepancy theory
Each of us has three selves that compose our self concept
Our actual self, our ideal self and our ought self
The closer these three are the better our self esteem or self worth will be
A measure of how we feel about ourselves
Self-esteem
A belief in our ability to succeed
Self efficacy
Can lead us to take on tasks for which we are not ready leading to frustration, humiliation or even injury
Overconfidence
A possible model for clinical depression
Learned helplessness
Locus of control
The way we characterize the influences in our lives
Internal locus of control means they feel as though they are in control of their fate
External locus of control means they feel as though external forces control their fate
Describe freuds theory of development
Psychosexual development. Human psychology and sexuality are strongly linked. From birth onwards libidinal energy and drive to reduce libidinal tension were the underlying forces for psychological processes. There were five distinct stages in which a child was faced with a conflict between societal demands and the desire to reduce libidinal tension for erogenous zones.
Fixation
When a child overindulged or was overly frustrated during a stage of development the child will form a personality pattern based on the particular stage and carry it into adulthood as neurosis
Oral stage
Ages 0-1. Gratification through putting objects in mouth, biting, sucking. Libidinal energy is centred at mouth. Orallly fixated adult would have likely exhibited excessive dependency
Anal stage
Ages 1 to 3 years. Libido cantered around anus. Gratification from elimination and retention of waste materials. Toilet training. Fixation during this stage would lead to anal retentiveness or sloppiness in adult
Phallic/Oedipal stage
From ages 3 to 5 years. Resolution of Oedipal conflict in males and Electra conflict in females. Male child envies father relationship with mother and fears his father will castrate him. Wishes to eliminate father and possess mother and feels guilty about these feelings. To resolve needs to establish sexual identity, identify with father, deal with guilty feelings and internalizing moral values. Must de-eroticize and sublimate libidinal energy
Latency stage
Occurs after libido is sublimated and lasts until puberty
Genital stage
Begins at puberty and lasting through adulthood. If proceeded through stages correctly will be able to develop normal healthy heterosexual relationships. If fixation they would be homosexual, asexual or have fetishes
Erikson’s psychosocial development
Personality development is based on a series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands. Mastery of one stage is not required to move onto next.
First conflict of EPD
Trust vs. Mistrust (0 to 1 yer)
Second conflict of EPD
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
List the conflicts of eriksons psychosocial development from earliest to latest
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1y)
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1 to 3y)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6y)
- Industry vs inferiority (6-12y)
- Identity vs. Role confusion (12-20y) - physiological revolution
- intimacy vs isolation (20-40/young adulthood)
- Generativity vs stagnation (40-65 middle adulthoood)
- Integrity vs. Despair (65 onwards)
What is Kohlberg’s theory of personality development
Personality development aligns with development of moral thinking
What is phase 1 of kohlbergs moral reasoning
Preconventional morality - in adolescents -consequences of moral choice
Stage 1: obedience - avoiding punishment
Stage 2: self interest - gaining rewards (instrumental relativist stage)
What is phase 2 of kohlberg’s moral reasoning
Conventional morality (begins to develop in early adolescence and goes into adulthood). Based on relationships and social rules Stage3: conformity - seeks approvals from others Stage 4: law and order - maintains the social order in the highest regard
Phase 3 of Kohlberg’s moral reasons
Postconventional morality - level of reasoning that not everyone has - is based on social mores which may conflict with law
Stage 5: social contract - views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good with reasoning focused on individual rights
Stage 6: universal human ethics - reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
Lev Vygotsky’s cultural and biosocial development
Engine driving cognitive development was internalization of culture
Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of developed and can be assisted by a more knowledgeable other
Zone of proximal development
