Identity And Personality Flashcards
The many ways in which we define ourselves. Our own internal list of answers to the question who am i? Includes views on past and future self.
Self concept
Self given label that carries with it a set of qualities
Self-schema
Individual components of our self concept related to the groups to which we belong. Do not necessarily need to be compatible
Identity
A persons appraisal of him or herself on scaled of masculinity and femininity
Gender identity
State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
Androgyny
State of have very little masculinity as well as very little femininity
Undifferentiated
Refers to ones ethnic group in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage and language
Ethnic identity
Nationality
Based on political borders, shared history, media, cuisine and national symbols such as the flag
Hierarchy of salience
We let our situation dictate what identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment
Salience is determined by amount of work we have invested into an identity , rewards and gratification associated with identity, amount of self esteem associated with it
Self discrepancy theory
Each of us has three selves that compose our self concept
Our actual self, our ideal self and our ought self
The closer these three are the better our self esteem or self worth will be
A measure of how we feel about ourselves
Self-esteem
A belief in our ability to succeed
Self efficacy
Can lead us to take on tasks for which we are not ready leading to frustration, humiliation or even injury
Overconfidence
A possible model for clinical depression
Learned helplessness
Locus of control
The way we characterize the influences in our lives
Internal locus of control means they feel as though they are in control of their fate
External locus of control means they feel as though external forces control their fate
Describe freuds theory of development
Psychosexual development. Human psychology and sexuality are strongly linked. From birth onwards libidinal energy and drive to reduce libidinal tension were the underlying forces for psychological processes. There were five distinct stages in which a child was faced with a conflict between societal demands and the desire to reduce libidinal tension for erogenous zones.
Fixation
When a child overindulged or was overly frustrated during a stage of development the child will form a personality pattern based on the particular stage and carry it into adulthood as neurosis
Oral stage
Ages 0-1. Gratification through putting objects in mouth, biting, sucking. Libidinal energy is centred at mouth. Orallly fixated adult would have likely exhibited excessive dependency
Anal stage
Ages 1 to 3 years. Libido cantered around anus. Gratification from elimination and retention of waste materials. Toilet training. Fixation during this stage would lead to anal retentiveness or sloppiness in adult
Phallic/Oedipal stage
From ages 3 to 5 years. Resolution of Oedipal conflict in males and Electra conflict in females. Male child envies father relationship with mother and fears his father will castrate him. Wishes to eliminate father and possess mother and feels guilty about these feelings. To resolve needs to establish sexual identity, identify with father, deal with guilty feelings and internalizing moral values. Must de-eroticize and sublimate libidinal energy
Latency stage
Occurs after libido is sublimated and lasts until puberty
Genital stage
Begins at puberty and lasting through adulthood. If proceeded through stages correctly will be able to develop normal healthy heterosexual relationships. If fixation they would be homosexual, asexual or have fetishes
Erikson’s psychosocial development
Personality development is based on a series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands. Mastery of one stage is not required to move onto next.
First conflict of EPD
Trust vs. Mistrust (0 to 1 yer)
Second conflict of EPD
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
List the conflicts of eriksons psychosocial development from earliest to latest
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1y)
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1 to 3y)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6y)
- Industry vs inferiority (6-12y)
- Identity vs. Role confusion (12-20y) - physiological revolution
- intimacy vs isolation (20-40/young adulthood)
- Generativity vs stagnation (40-65 middle adulthoood)
- Integrity vs. Despair (65 onwards)
What is Kohlberg’s theory of personality development
Personality development aligns with development of moral thinking
What is phase 1 of kohlbergs moral reasoning
Preconventional morality - in adolescents -consequences of moral choice
Stage 1: obedience - avoiding punishment
Stage 2: self interest - gaining rewards (instrumental relativist stage)
What is phase 2 of kohlberg’s moral reasoning
Conventional morality (begins to develop in early adolescence and goes into adulthood). Based on relationships and social rules Stage3: conformity - seeks approvals from others Stage 4: law and order - maintains the social order in the highest regard
Phase 3 of Kohlberg’s moral reasons
Postconventional morality - level of reasoning that not everyone has - is based on social mores which may conflict with law
Stage 5: social contract - views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good with reasoning focused on individual rights
Stage 6: universal human ethics - reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
Lev Vygotsky’s cultural and biosocial development
Engine driving cognitive development was internalization of culture
Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of developed and can be assisted by a more knowledgeable other
Zone of proximal development
Role taking
Ie children playing house or school - good for later on in life
The ability to sense how another’s mind is working
Theory of mind
Reference group
Self concept is often influenced or based on the group in which we are comparing ourselves to
What is Kohlberg’s theory of personality development
Personality development aligns with development of moral thinking
What is phase 1 of kohlbergs moral reasoning
Preconventional morality - in adolescents -consequences of moral choice
Stage 1: obedience - avoiding punishment
Stage 2: self interest - gaining rewards (instrumental relativist stage)
What is phase 2 of kohlberg’s moral reasoning
Conventional morality (begins to develop in early adolescence and goes into adulthood). Based on relationships and social rules Stage3: conformity - seeks approvals from others Stage 4: law and order - maintains the social order in the highest regard
Phase 3 of Kohlberg’s moral reasons
Postconventional morality - level of reasoning that not everyone has - is based on social mores which may conflict with law
Stage 5: social contract - views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good with reasoning focused on individual rights
Stage 6: universal human ethics - reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
Lev Vygotsky’s cultural and biosocial development
Engine driving cognitive development was internalization of culture
Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of developed and can be assisted by a more knowledgeable other
Zone of proximal development
Role taking
Ie children playing house or school - good for later on in life
Reference group
Self concept is often influenced or based on the group in which we are comparing ourselves to
The ability to sense how another’s mind is working
Theory of mind
The set of thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviours which are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations
Personality - how we act and react to the world around us
What are the four major categories of personality theories?
Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic ), humanistic (phenomenological), type and trait, behaviourist
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories of personality
Assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality. Eg. Freuds structural model
What are the three major entities of freuds structural model
Id, ego, and superego
Id
Consists of al basic primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce. Functions according to the pleasure principle
Pleasure principle
The id aims to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension
What is the id’s response to frustration
The primary process - obtain satisfaction now, not later
Mental imagery such as daydreaming and fantasy that fills the need for satisfaction. Is not permanent
Wish fulfilment
Reality principle
The ego acts according to reality principle taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the Id and the pleasure principles. This guidance is referred to as the secondary process. Aim of the reality principle is to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can be achieved
Ego
Is the organizer of the mind - it receives power from and can never be fully independent of the id- operates according to reality principle
Responsible for moderating the desires of the superego
Superego
The personalities perfectionist, judging out actions and responding with pride or guilt. More refined and focused on ideal self. Two subsystems that are a reflection of the morals taught to a child by their caregivers. Conscience and ego-ideal
Conscience
Collection of the improper actions for which a child is punished
Ego-ideal
Proper actions for which a child is rewarded
What are the three categories that describe our access to the id, ego and superego?
- thoughts to which we have conscious access
- preconscious - thoughts we aren’t currently aware of
- unconscious - thoughts that have been repressed
What propels freuds dynamic theory of personality
Instincts
Promote an individuals quest for survival though thirst, hunger, and sexual need
Life instincts (Eros)
Represents an unconscious wish for death and destruction
Death instincts (Thanatos )
Defence mechanisms
Used to receive anxiety caused by clashing of id and ego
they deny, distort or falsify reality and operate unconsciously
Repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and sublimation
Repression
Forces undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious (unconscious forgetting)
Suppression
Deliberate conscious form of forgetting
Regression
Reversion to an earlier developmental state
Reaction formation
Suppresses urges by unconsciously converting them into their opposites
Projection
Attribute their undesired feelings to others. Important part of personality analysis. Ink blot test
Thematic apperception test
Rationalization
Justification of behaviours in a manner that is acceptable to self and society
Displacement
Transference of an undesired urge from one person or an object to another
Sublimation
Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviours
According the Carl Jung what are the two components of the unconscious?
The personal unconscious and the collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
Powerful system that is shared by all humans and is thought to be a residue of the experiences of our ancestors
Archetypes
Images of common experiences (such has having a mother or father) that have emotions elements
Eg. Persona, anima, animus, shadow
Persona
The aspects of our personality that we present to the world
Anima
Feminine - a mans inner woman
Animus
Masculine - a woman’s inner man
Shadow
Appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts,feelings or actions in our unconscious
Point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious and the conscious mind
Self (symbolized by a mandala )
What are the three dichotomies of personality that Jung described?
Extraversion vs introversion (E/I)
Sensing (S-obtaining objective info) vs.Intuiting (N - working with info abstractly )
Thinking (T - logic and reason) vs. Feeling (F - using value system of personal beliefs)
Jungs dichotomies laid the ground work for?
Myers-Briggs- Type Inventory
Also included fourth dichotomy judging (J) v
