Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioural sciences > Cognition, Consciousness And Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness And Language Flashcards

1
Q

How our brain processes and reacts to information

A

Cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four key components of the information processing model?

A

1) thinking requires sensation, encoding and storage of a stimuli
2) stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision making
3) decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems - situational modification
4) problem solving is dependant not only on the persons cognitive level but also on the context and complexity of the problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The development of ones ability to think and problem solve across a lifespan

A

Cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Assimilation

A

Process of classifying new information into existing schemata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

From birth to about 2 years old - child learns to manipulate their environment in order to meet physician needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by chance

A

Primary circular reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Manipulation focused on something outside the body - child often gets a response from the environment

A

Secondary circular reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage?

A

Object permanence - objects continue to exist even when out of view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Creating mental representations of external objects and events

A

Representational thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Lasts from 2 to 7 years old - characterized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

Ability to pretend, play make-believe and have and imagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Egocentrism

A

The inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon or inability to understand conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Lasts from 7 to 11 years of age - can understand conversation and consider the perspectives of others
Can engage in logical thought as long as we’re working with concrete objects
Cannot think abstractly yet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Starts at 11 years of age - ability to think logically and abstractly, can reason and problem solve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Problem solving skills - peaks in early adulthood and declines with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Use of learned skills and knowledge - peaks in middle adulthood and declines with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Delirium

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical (non psychological) causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the steps of problem solving

A

Frame the problem (need the right mental set)
Generate potential solutions
Implement solutions
Evaluate results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The inability to consider how to use an object in a non traditional manner

A

Functional fixedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the four types of problem solving

A

Trial and error, algorithm, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Trial and error

A

Less sophisticated, only works when relatively few possible solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Algorithm

A

Formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Aka top-down

Start with a set of general rules and draws conclusions - the solution MUST be true based on the information given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Aka bottom up
Create a theory via generalizations
Starts with specific instances and draws a conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Simplified principles used to make decisions

A

Heuristics aka rules of thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Availability heuristics

A

Used to decide how likely something is - often leads to correct solution but not always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the protypical, stereotypical or representative image of the category - can sometimes lead us astray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical info

A

Base rate fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Evidence obtained from testing demonstrates that a solution does not work

A

Disconfirmation principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them

A

Confirmation bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Tendency to erroneously interpret ones decisions, knowledge and beliefs as infallible

A

Overconfidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence. Is developed by experience

A

Intuition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Recognition primed decision model

A

Sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Subjective experience of a person in a certain situation

A

Emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the seven types of intelligence as defined by Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A 
Linguistic 
Logical-mathematical 
Musical 
Visual spatial 
Bodily kinaesthetic 
Interpersonal 
Intrapersonal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

IQ

A

Intelligence quotient = mental age/chronological age x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ones level of awareness of both the world and ones own existence in the world

A

Consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 4 main states of consciousness ?

A

Alertness, sleep, dreaming and altered levels of consciousness
(Sleep and dreaming are technically altered levels of consciousness )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Alertness

A

A state of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think
Cortisol levels tend to be higher and EEG waves indicate waking state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What occurs on brain level during alertness

A

Maintained by neurological circuits in the prefrontal cortex - communicated with the reticular formation (in brain stem ) to keep cortex awake and alert - a disruption of these connections would result in coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the four characteristic EEG patterns during sleeping and waking ?

A

Beta, alpha, theta, delta

A fifth wave corresponds to REM in which we have most of our dreams and memory consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Approx how long does a full sleep cycle last in adults ? In children ?

A

90 minutes in adults and 50 minutes in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

REM is more associated with ______ memory consolidation where SWS shows _______ memory consolidation

A

Procedural, declarative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which two types of waves occur when we are awake?

A

Beta and alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Beta waves

A

Have a high frequency and occur when a person is alert or concentrating
Occur when neurons are randomly firing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Alpha waves

A

Person is awake but relaxing with eyes closed

Somewhat slower than beta waves and more synchronized than beta waves

50
Q

Theta waves

A

Appears in stage 1 as soon as you doze off

Irregular waveform, slower frequency, higher voltages

51
Q

Stage 2

A

As you fall more deeply asleep the EEG shows theta waves along with sleep spindles and K complexes

52
Q

Slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

Occurs when you fall even more deeply asleep - includes stages 3 and 4
Lower frequency, high voltage delta waves
Important for cognitive recovery, memory consolidation and increased growth hormone release

53
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Non rapid eye movement sleep - includes stages 1 through 4

54
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid eye movement comes between cycles of NREM
Arousal levels reach that of wakefulness but muscles are paralyzed
Also called paradoxical sleep because ones HR, EEG, and breathing patterns mimic wakefulness but they are asleep
Dreaming is most likely to occur, important for memory consolidations

55
Q

Sleep cycle

A

Single complete progression through sleep stages
Makeup of cycle changes throughout night
Early in night SWS (children spend more time in SWS) predominates and later REM predominates

56
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A 24 hour cycle that regulates sleeping and waking - external factors such as light and biochemical factors such as melatonin play a role

57
Q

Melatonin

A

A serotonin derived hormone from the pineal gland that is released after stimulation from the hypothalamus that is responding to decreased light reaching the retina - promotes sleepiness

58
Q

Cortisol

A

A steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex - levels begin to rise in the early morning and promote wakefulness

59
Q

Describe how cortisol release is increased in the early morning

A

Increasing light causes release or corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus which stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary which stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

60
Q

What percentage of dreams occur during REM?

A

75% and they tend to be longer and more vivid

61
Q

Dreams are caused by widespread activation of neural circuitry which mimics incoming sensory information that is related to memories, desires, and needs. The cortex then stitches this into a dream

A

Activation synthesis theory of dreams

62
Q

Dreams allow us to solve problems that we are unable to during the day because we interpret obstacles differently in dreams

A

Problem solving dream theory

63
Q

Dreams are just our sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness

A

Cognitive process dream theory

64
Q

Seeks to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective cognitive experience of dreaming which measurable physiological changes

A

Neurocognitive model of dreaming

65
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Disorders that Mae it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
Eg. Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

66
Q

Parasomnias

A

Abnormal movements or behaviours during sleep, night terrors, sleepwalking

67
Q

When do most sleep disorders occur?

A

During NREM sleep

68
Q

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

A

Insomnia

69
Q

Lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep . Characterized by cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle control due to sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours of day - usually triggered by emotions

A

Narcolepsy

70
Q

Sensation of being unable to move despite being awake

A

Sleep paralysis

71
Q

What are hallucinations when going to sleep? When waking ?

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations when going to sleep and hypnopompic hallucinations when waking

72
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Inability to breath during sleep
Can be obstructive when there is a physical blockage or central when the brain fails to send signals to diaphragm to breathe

73
Q

Night terrors

A

Most common in children ,intense anxiety during SWS, sympathetic overdrive, difficult to wake, usually does not remember

74
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking. Occurs during SWS. Usually does not remember

75
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Can result from one night without sleep, multiple poor or short sleeps
Results in irritability, mood disturbances, decreased performance, slowed reaction
In extreme cases can cause psychosis

76
Q

When one sleeps after sleep deprivation they typically have an earlier onset and greater duration of REM

A

REM rebound

77
Q

A state in which a person appears to be in control of his or her normal function but are in a highly suggestive state

A

Hypnosis

78
Q

Hypnotic induction

A

Hypnosis seeks to relax the subject and increase their level of concentration

79
Q

Meditation

A

Quieting of the mind

Decreased heart rate and BP, on EEG it resembles stage 1 sleep with theta and slow alpha waves

80
Q

Reduces nervous system activity resulting in relaxation and reduced anxiety

A

Depressants

81
Q

Alcohol

A

Depressant.- increases activity of GABA receptor, a chloride channel, and causes hyperpolarization

82
Q

What are some of the effects of alcohol

A

Generalized brain inhibition, diminished arousal, behaviour is less inhibited because centres of brain that prevent inappropriate behaviour are also depressed
Increases dopamine and causes a mild euphoria
Reduced logic and motor skills, fatigue
Alcohol myopia (inability to see consequences - short sighted view of world)

83
Q

A thiamine deficiency (B1) that is characterized by severe memory impairment with changes in mental status and loss of motor skills

A

Wernicke’s- korsakoff syndrome

84
Q

Barbiturates/benzos

A

Anxiolytics, increases GABA activity, promotes relaxation, addictive

85
Q

Cause an increase in arousal in the nervous system and an increase in frequency of action potentials

A

Stimulants

86
Q

Amphetamines

A

Increase arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and decreasing their reuptake
-decreased appetite and need for sleep, increased HR and BP, euphoria, hypervigilance, anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoid
Prolonged use can cause stroke or brain damage
Withdrawal - depression, fatigue and irritability

87
Q

Cocaine

A

Decreases reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and NE
Has anaesthetic and vasoconstriction properties - vascularized surgery like nose
Vasoccontrictive properties can lead to heart attack or stroke
Smokeable form is crack

88
Q

Ecstasy/MDMA

A

Hallucinogen combined with amphetamine
Inc hear rate and BP, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, hyperthermia
Euphoria, alertness, overwhelming sense of welll-being and connectedness

89
Q

Opiates and opioids

A

Derived from poppy plant
Naturally occurring forms like morphine and codeine are opiates
Synthetic ones like oxy are opioids
Decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria
Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is rapidly metabolized to morphine

90
Q

Hallucinogens

A 
Includes LSD (lysergic acid diethylamid), peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin mushrooms 
Works on multiple NT mostly serotonin 
Distortions of reality and fantasy, enhancement of sensory experiences, introspection, increased HR and BP, dilation of pupils, sweating and increased body temp
91
Q

Marijuana

A

From leaves and flowers of cannabis sativa and indica plants
Active chemical is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - acted at cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptor, and opioid receptors
Increases GABA activity causing neural inhibition and dopamine activity causing pleasure
Red eyes, dry mouth, impairment of short term memory, increased HR, increased appetite, lower BP
Acts as stimulant, depressant and hallucinogen

92
Q

Drug addiction is highly related to this pathway

A

Mesolimbic reward pathway which includes the nucleus accumbens (NAc) , ventral tegmental area (VTA) and connection between them called medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
Activation accounts for positive reinforcement of substance use
Activated by all substances that cause psychological dependence
Gambling and love activate this pathway

93
Q

Concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment or sensorium

A

Attention

94
Q

Focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli - a filter

A

Selective attention

95
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

Focus on one thing while allowing other stimuli to be processed in the background - ie hearing your name in the background at a party

96
Q

Ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time

A

Divided attention

97
Q

New or complex tastes require undecided attention and utilize

A

Controlled (effortful) processing

98
Q

Familiar actions or routines can be performed with

A

Automatic processing

99
Q

What are the 5 basic components of language

A

Phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics

100
Q

Phonology

A

Sound of language, we have approx 40 speech sounds (phonemes)

101
Q

Categorical perception

A

Determining if subtle differences between speech sounds represent a different meaning or not, pronunciation of words varied between people

102
Q

Morphology

A

Structure of words - broken down into building blocks called morphemes which have specific meanings

103
Q

Semantics

A

Association of meaning with a word

104
Q

Syntax

A

How words are put together to form sentences

105
Q

Pragmatics

A

Dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge -affected by prosody (the rhythm, cadence and inflection of voices)

106
Q

What is the precursor to language ?

A

Babbling - spontaneously begins within first year
For hearing children it is at highest frequency between 9 and 12 months
For deaf children verbal babbling ceases soon after it begins
From 12 to 18 months children add about one work per month
Starting at 18 months there is an explosion of language where they quickly learn dozens of words
Between 18 and 20 months children begin to combine words
By 2 or 3 years can speak in longer sentences
Substantially mastered by age of 5

107
Q

A child may apply a grammatical rule in a situation in which it does not apply - parents are less likely to correct this than errors of word choice

A

Errors of growth

108
Q

Nativist (biological ) theory

A

Innate capacity for language - study of transformational grammar - syntactic transformations or changes in word order retain the same meaning

109
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

Theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules

110
Q

What is the critical period for language acquisition ?

A

Between two years and puberty - if no language exposure occurs during this time later training is largely ineffective

111
Q

Sensitive period

A

A time when environmental input has maximal effect on the development of an ability - for language development it is before puberty

112
Q

Learning (behaviourist ) theory and its relation to language

A

Language acquisition can be done with operant conditioning and reinforcement

113
Q

Social interactionist theory of language development

A

Language acquisition is driven by a child’s desire to communicate and behave in a social manner

114
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

Aka linguistic relativity hypothesis
Our perception about reality is determined by the content of language - language affects the way we think rather than the other way around

115
Q

Which brain hemisphere is responsible for speech production and language comprehension

A

The dominant hemisphere which is usually the left

116
Q

Broca’s area

A

Located in the interior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe

Controls motor function of speech via connections to motor cortex

117
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe

Responsible for language comprehension

118
Q

What connects the Broca’s area and wernicke’s area in order to allow appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

A

A bundle of axons called arcuate fasciculus

119
Q

A deficit of language production or comprehension

A

Aphasia

120
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Aka expressive aphasia

Damage to the Broca’s area so we have reduced ability to produce spoken language but comprehension is intact

121
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Aka receptive aphasia
Damage to wernicke’s area comprehension of speech is lost but motor production of speech is intact
-speak nonsensically

122
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to arcuate fasciculus

Speech production and comprehension are intact however the patient is unable to repeat something that has been said

Behavioural sciences (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions