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Behavioural sciences > Motivation, Emotion And Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion And Stress Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose or driving force behind our actions

A

Motivation

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2
Q

Motivation created from external forces coming from outside ones self

A

Extrinsic motivation

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3
Q

Motivations that comes from within ones self

A

Intrinsic motivation

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4
Q

Instincts

A

Innate, fixed patterns of behaviour in response to a stimuli (some last a lifetime some do not)

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5
Q

Instinct theory of motivation

A

People are driven to do certain behaviours based on evolutionary programmed instincts
Can be overridden by experience

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6
Q

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to a stimuli

A

Arousal

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Postulates a U shaped function b/w level of arousal and performance - performance lowest at extremes
Lower levels are optical for more cognitive tasks or complex tasks
Higher levels optimal for endurance or simple tasks

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8
Q

Drives

A

Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals
Help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state ensuring motivation to eliminate this state

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9
Q

Primary drives

A

Need for food, water, warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

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10
Q

Secondary drives

A

Those that motivate us to fulfil nonbiological functions

Eg. Emotions, desire for nurturing, love, achievement , aggression

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11
Q

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

A

Drive reduction theory

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12
Q

How can needs act as motivators

A

How we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy our needs

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13
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Certain needs will be a greater influence on our motivation. From the bottom up our needs go from physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actuation. We fill needs from the bottom up

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14
Q

List physiological needs

A

Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

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15
Q

List safety needs

A

Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property

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16
Q

List love and belonging needs

A

Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy

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17
Q

List esteem based needs

A

Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

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18
Q

List self actualization needs

A

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

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19
Q

Self determination theory (STD)

A 
Needs based motivational theory 
Three universal needs 
1. Autonomy 
2. Competence 
3. Relatedness
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20
Q

Incentive theory

A

Behaviour is motivated not by need or arousal but desire to pursue rewards or avoid punishment

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21
Q

Expectancy value theory

A

Amount of motivation needed to reach a goal results of the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding at the goal

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22
Q

What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?

A

Instincts
Drives
Needs
Arousal

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23
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Motivators can be destructive if they result in harm to oneself
When a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counter the effects of the drug by changing in physiology
-leads to withdrawal, dependence and tolerance

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24
Q

Sexual motivation

A

Physiologically humans are motivated to sexual behaviour based on estrogen, androgen and progesterone
Smell, pleasure and interpretation of pleasure, culture, cognition

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25
Q

A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others

A

Emotion

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26
Q

What are the three elements to emotion?

A

Physiological response, behavioural response and cognitive response

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27
Q

What are the seven basic emotion?

A

Contempt - one corner of mouth pulled upwards
Anger - glaring, eyebrows down and together, lips pressed together
Sadness - frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
Happiness - smile, wrinkling around eyes, raised cheeks
Fear - eyes wide, eyebrows up and together, lips pulled toward ears
Surprise - eyes widen, brows up and curved, jaw opens
Disgust - nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip

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28
Q

Early psychologists believed that the cognitive component of emotion led to the physiological component which then produced the behavioural component

A

Feeling precedes arousal which precedes action

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29
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

A stimulus first results in physiological arousal which leads to secondary response which is an emotion (emotion would not be processed w/o feedback from peripheral organs therefor spinal cord injury would reduce emotions - wrong)
First response: nervous system arousal
Second response: conscious emotion

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30
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence.
When exposed to a stimulus, sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus
The cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioural component or action
Fails to explain vagus nerve which convey info from the peripheral organs back to the CNS
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion

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31
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

Aka cognitive arousal theory or two factor theory
Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced
Cognitive appraisal - to feel an emotion one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to the nervous system arousal
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion

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32
Q

Limbic system

A

Complex set of structures below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus
Made up of amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocamppus, fornix, and septal nuclei
Important for motivation and emotion

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33
Q

Amygdala

A

A small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotion
Processed environment, detects external cues, learns from the persons surroundings to produce emotion
Association with fear
Interpretation of facial expressions

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34
Q

Thalamus

A

Preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain

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35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Synthesized and releases NT, homeostatic functions, largely dictates emotional states

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36
Q

Hippocampus

A

Within the temporal lobe
Creates long term memories
Aides in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience

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37
Q

Memory of experiencing the actual emotion are episodic memories

A

Conscious (explicit) memory

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38
Q

Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event

A

Unconscious (implicit) memory aka emotional memory

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39
Q

Describe the ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions

A

Primarily controlled by the temporal lobe with some input from the occipital lobe
Is lateralized - right hemisphere more active
Women are more active in these areas
Present but weak in children

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40
Q

Anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions

A

Prefrontal cortex

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41
Q

Receives arousal input from brain stem to coordinate arousal and cognitive states

A

Prefrontal cortex

42
Q

Associated with positive motions

A

Left prefrontal cortex

43
Q

Associated with negative emotions

A

Right prefrontal cortex

44
Q

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

Associated with attention and cognition

45
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

Connects with regions of brain responsible for experiencing emotion

46
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Decision making and controlling emotional responses from amygdala

47
Q

How can needs act as motivators

A

How we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy our needs

48
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Certain needs will be a greater influence on our motivation. From the bottom up our needs go from physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actuation. We fill needs from the bottom up

49
Q

List physiological needs

A

Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

50
Q

List safety needs

A

Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property

51
Q

List love and belonging needs

A

Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy

52
Q

List esteem based needs

A

Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

53
Q

List self actualization needs

A

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

54
Q

Self determination theory (STD)

A 
Needs based motivational theory 
Three universal needs 
1. Autonomy 
2. Competence 
3. Relatedness
55
Q

Incentive theory

A

Behaviour is motivated not by need or arousal but desire to pursue rewards or avoid punishment

56
Q

Expectancy value theory

A

Amount of motivation needed to reach a goal results of the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding at the goal

57
Q

What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?

A

Instincts
Drives
Needs
Arousal

58
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Motivators can be destructive if they result in harm to oneself
When a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counter the effects of the drug by changing in physiology
-leads to withdrawal, dependence and tolerance

59
Q

Sexual motivation

A

Physiologically humans are motivated to sexual behaviour based on estrogen, androgen and progesterone
Smell, pleasure and interpretation of pleasure, culture, cognition

60
Q

A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others

A

Emotion

61
Q

What are the three elements to emotion?

A

Physiological response, behavioural response and cognitive response

62
Q

What are the seven basic emotion?

A

Contempt - one corner of mouth pulled upwards
Anger - glaring, eyebrows down and together, lips pressed together
Sadness - frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
Happiness - smile, wrinkling around eyes, raised cheeks
Fear - eyes wide, eyebrows up and together, lips pulled toward ears
Surprise - eyes widen, brows up and curved, jaw opens
Disgust - nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip

63
Q

Early psychologists believed that the cognitive component of emotion led to the physiological component which then produced the behavioural component

A

Feeling precedes arousal which precedes action

64
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

A stimulus first results in physiological arousal which leads to secondary response which is an emotion (emotion would not be processed w/o feedback from peripheral organs therefor spinal cord injury would reduce emotions - wrong)
First response: nervous system arousal
Second response: conscious emotion

65
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence.
When exposed to a stimulus, sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus
The cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioural component or action
Fails to explain vagus nerve which convey info from the peripheral organs back to the CNS
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion

66
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

Aka cognitive arousal theory or two factor theory
Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced
Cognitive appraisal - to feel an emotion one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to the nervous system arousal
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion

67
Q

Limbic system

A

Complex set of structures below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus
Made up of amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocamppus, fornix, and septal nuclei
Important for motivation and emotion

68
Q

Amygdala

A

A small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotion
Processed environment, detects external cues, learns from the persons surroundings to produce emotion
Association with fear
Interpretation of facial expressions

69
Q

Thalamus

A

Preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Synthesized and releases NT, homeostatic functions, largely dictates emotional states

71
Q

Hippocampus

A

Within the temporal lobe
Creates long term memories
Aides in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience

72
Q

Memory of experiencing the actual emotion are episodic memories

A

Conscious (explicit) memory

73
Q

Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event

A

Unconscious (implicit) memory aka emotional memory

74
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Decision making and controlling emotional responses from amygdala

75
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

Connects with regions of brain responsible for experiencing emotion

76
Q

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

Associated with attention and cognition

77
Q

Associated with negative emotions

A

Right prefrontal cortex

78
Q

Associated with positive motions

A

Left prefrontal cortex

79
Q

Receives arousal input from brain stem to coordinate arousal and cognitive states

A

Prefrontal cortex

80
Q

Anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions

A

Prefrontal cortex

81
Q

Describe the ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions

A

Primarily controlled by the temporal lobe with some input from the occipital lobe
Is lateralized - right hemisphere more active
Women are more active in these areas
Present but weak in children

82
Q

A subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

A

Cognitive appraisal

83
Q

What are the two stages of cognitive appraisal

A

1: primary appraisal - initial evaluation of of the environment and the associated threat (can be irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful)
If primary appraisal reveals a threat stage 2 begins
2. Secondary appraisal - evaluating whether or not the organism can cope with the stress

84
Q

What 3 things does secondary appraisal evaluate?

A
  • harm or damage caused by event
  • threat or the potential for future damage by the event
  • challenge - potential to overcome and potentially benefit from the event
85
Q

A situation that requires constant monitoring will need constant

A

Reappraisal

86
Q

A biological element, external condition or event that leads to a stress response

A

Stressor

87
Q

What are the common categories of stressors

A 
Environmental 
Daily events
Workplace and academia 
Social expectations 
Chemical and biological stressors
88
Q

Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

A

Distress

89
Q

Is a result of positive conditions that are leading to change such as graduating college

A

Eustress

90
Q

Social readjustment rating scale

A

Stress levels measured in “life change units”

91
Q

What are some types of psychological stressors?

A

Pressure, predictability, frustration (occurs when attaining a goal or need is prevented) , and conflict (arises from need to make a choice)

92
Q

What are the three types of conflict stress?

A
  • approach approach conflict which is choosing between two desirable options
  • avoidance avoidance conflicts which is choosing between to negative options
  • approach avoidance conflict - we only have one choice but it has both positive and negative elements
93
Q

The sequence of physiological responses to stress is called _______? And occurs in what three stages?

A

General adaptation syndrome

1: alarm stage
2: resistance stage
3: Exhaustion stage which will lead to panic then breakdown/burnout

94
Q

Alarm stage

A

Initial reaction to a stressor - activation of sympathetic nervous system
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to secrete ACTH which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol which maintains adequate blood glucose levels. Hypothalamus also activates adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

95
Q

Resistance stage

A

Continuous release of hormones which allows sympathetic nervous system to maintain engaged to fight stressor

96
Q

Exhaustion

A

Body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous activity which means more susceptible to illness, ulcers, high BP, cvd, and in extreme cases death
Can also lead to mental and psychological issues

97
Q

What are the two strategies to cope with stress?

A
  1. Problem focused strategy - working to overcome stressor

2. Emotionally focused strategy - changing ones feelings about the stressor

98
Q

Adaptive coping strategy

A

Eg. Reaching out to loved ones for support

99
Q

Maladaptive coping strategy

A

Turning to drugs and alcohol

100
Q

What are three examples of stress management?

A

Exercise
Relaxation
Spiritual practice

Behavioural sciences (7 decks)

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